Peninsular Campaign. 1862. Failed Union attempt to take Richmond in American Civil War.

Peninsular War. 1808-14. British, Spanish, Portuguese under Wellington defeat French in Iberian Peninsula.

Penn, William. 1644-1718. English Quaker. Founded Pennsylvania 1681.

Penry, John. 1559-93. Welsh Puritan executed for Marprelate Tracts.

Pentecostalism. Protestant fundamentalist mystic sects. Baptism with Holy Spirit gives supernatural gifts, speaking in tongues.

Pequot War. 1636-7. British annihilate North American Pequot tribe.

Percier, Charles. 1764-1838. French Empire architect. Cour Carrée with Fontaine.

Pérez, Galdós. 1843-1920. Spanish writer of 46 historical novels. Episodios Nacionales.

Pérez de Ayala, Ramón. 1880-1962. Spanish writer. Balarmino and Apolonio.

Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista. 1710-36. Italian opera buffa composer. La serva padrona 1733. “War of the Buffoons” Paris 1752.

Perón, Eva. “Evita”. 1919-52. Influential first wife of Juan. Won women’s vote.

Pérotin. -c1238. First composer to write for 4 voices. Sederunt.

Perpetual Alliance. 1291. Association of Swiss Cantons which engendered today’s Confederation.

Perry, Matthew. 1794-1858. US Commodore. Opened Japanese trade 1854.

Perseus. Slew Medusa with gods’ weapons. Married Andromeda.

Pershing, John. 1860-1948. US general; commanded French front 1918. WWI.

Persian Wars. 490-479BC. Greek city-states repel Persian invasion.

Pestalozzi, Johann. 1746-1827. Swiss educator. Modern primary education system. Paced development from familiar to new. Lienhard and Gertrude 1781-9. How Gertrude Teaches 1801.

Peter, St. -64. Leader of Jesus’ disciples. First pope. Crucified upside-down by Nero.

Peter I. The Great. 1672-1725. Czar of Russia. Created navy. Defeated Sweden 1709. Founded St. Petersburg.

Peter III. 1728-62. Czar 1762. Overthrown by wife Catherine the Great.

Petersburg Campaign. 1864-5. Virginia. Final action of American Civil War leading to Confederate defeat.

Peterskirche. 13C. Zurich church with world’s largest clock face, 28.5 feet.

Petit Palais. Built for 1900 World Exhibition. Paris Museum of Fine Arts.

Petition of Rights. 1628. Accepted by Charles I, limiting British monarch’s powers.

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