Leo XIII. 1810-1903. Pope 1878-. Rerum Novarum 1891: right to private property. Ended opposition to scientific progress. Longest papal rule.

Lo-Johansson, Ivar. 1901-90. Swedish novelist of social causes. Goodnight, Earth 1933.

London Treaty. 1674 Holland, England end War. 1824 Netherlands, Britain for control of Malaya. 1827 Britain, France, Russia to force mediation on Turkey/Greek freedom fighters. 1831 Belgian War of Independence. 1832 Britain, France, Bavaria made Otto I, King of Greece. 1852 Danish Succession. 1867 Luxembourg independence granted. 1871 Ended neutrality of Black Sea. 1913 Ended first Balkan War. 1915 (Secret) Britain-France-Russia grant concessions to Italy for joining WWI allies. Revealed by Bolsheviks 1918.

Louis I. 1786-1868. King of Bavaria 1825-48. Abdicated 1848 due to Lola Montez.

Louis X. The Stubborn. 1289-1316. King of Navarre 1305-14, France 1314-. Chartered nobles.

Mahavira, Vardhamana. 599-527BC. Indian founder of Jainism: -“All life is sacred”.

March Revolution. 1848 Germany. Led to Louis I abdication in favour of Maximilian II in Bavaria, Metternich resignation.

Maximilian I. The Great. 1573-1651. Duke of Bavaria. Founded Catholic League 1609. Thirty Years War.

Maximilian I. 1756-1825. Bavarian king 1806-. Allied with Napoleon. Consolidated Bavaria. Opposed German unification.

Maximilian II. 1811-64. Bavarian king 1848-. Tried to create a Bavarian-led alliance. Opposed by Prussia, Austria.

Montez, Lola. 1818-61. Irish dancer. Mistress of Louis I of Bavaria. Power resented, leading to March Revolution 1848. Banished.

Mornay, Philippe de. 1549-1623. French Huguenot leader in Wars of Religion, 1562-98. Reconciled Henry III, Henry of Navarre.

Munch, Edvard. 1863-1944. Norwegian painter. Expressive, symbolic, psychological. The Cry 1893.

Nagyvarad, Peace. 1538. Divided Hungary between Hapsburg and Zápolya. Failure allowed Ottoman occupation of 2/3 of Hungary.

Nationalism. Musical movement to reflect national or ethnic spirit. Especially 16C and 19C. Grieg. Sibelius.

Navarino, Battle. 1827. Greeks/Allies naval defeat of Egypt/Turks.

Navarre. Vascones. 1C BC Rome. 400-800 Independent. 711 Moslem(Part). 798 Independent Basque kingdom. 1234 French dynasties. 1512 Castile(S). 1589 France(N).

Navarre College. Paris 1304. Founded by Jean de Navarre. Now École Polytechnique.

Norsemen. Danes, Norwegians and Swedes who colonized Britain, France, Russia, 9-11C. Also called: Northmen, Vikings, Varangians. Beseiged Paris 885.

Novara. 1513. Swiss defeat French. 1849. Austrians defeat Sardinians.

Obregón, Alvaro. 1880-1928. Reforming Mexican President 1920-24. Peace after civil war.

Oleg. -c912. Varangian prince of Kiev, founded Rus state.

Olivares, Conde de. 1587-1645. Spanish Prime Minister 1625-43. Policies of warfare, tax caused revolt.

Páez, José. 1790-1873. Venezuelan revolutionary with Bolivar. First president 1831~43. Dictator 1861-3.

Pissarro, Camille. 1830-1903. French Impressionist painter of street scenes. Boulevard Montmartre 1897.

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