Catacombs. (Paris) 1785. Former quarry turned into ossuary. Headquarters of WWII French Resistance.

Cathars. 11-14C. Christian Gnostic heretic sect. Albigens. 1030 burned in Italy.

Cato St. Conspiracy. 1820. Thistlewood plot to assassinate cabinet ministers.

Cavalier Parliament. 1661-79. Royalist. Repressive laws against Puritans and Catholics.

Cavell, Edith. 1865-1915. British nurse in Brussels. Executed by Germans for helping POWs escape.

Cavour, Count. 1810-61. Founding editor Il Risorgimento, 1847-. First Prime Minister of united Italy 1852-. Plombieres.

Celsius, Anders. 1701-44. Swedish physicist: centigrade temperature scale 1742.

Celts. Central European peoples who settled Spain, Gaul, Asia Minor 3000BC, and invaded Great Britain c3C BC. Plundered Rome 390BC. Thrived in Britain. after Romans. Invaded Greece 279-276BC. Forced to Wales by Invasions 5C. = Roman “Gauls”.

Centaurs. Mythical beasts, half man, half horse.

CENTO. 1955-79. Central Treaty Organization. Based on Baghdad Pact 1955. Turkey, Iran, U.K., Palestine defence.

Central America Federation. 1823-40. Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica.

Central Powers. 1882-1918. = Triple Alliance. Germany and its allies during WWI.

Centre Party. 1871-1933. German Roman Catholic political party.

Cerceau, Jacques Androuet du. c1520-85. Optical Views 1551, treatise on architectural perspective.

Chain, Ernst. 1906-79. With Florey, purified penicillin.

Chalcedon, Council. 451. Clarified orthodox Catholic beliefs. Sees of Rome and Byzantium established. Christ’s dual nature.

Challenger Expedition. 1872-6. Oceanic survey of currents, depths, temps.

Chamberlain, Houston. 1855-1927. British/German antisemite pro-Aryan philosopher. Foundation of the Nineteenth Century, 1899.

Chambord, Count de. 1820-83. Claimed French throne; inflexibility led to failure of Bourbon restoration negotiations 1874.

Chambres Ardentes. 1535-1682. French courts. Tried nobles, heretics.

Chanak Crisis. 1922. British fear Turkish threat to Dardanelles. Lausanne Peace, 1923.

Chanel, Gabrielle (Coco). 1883-1971. French haut couture, perfume doyenne. Simplicity.

Charles V. 1500-1558. Hapsburg king of Netherlands 1515-55, Spain 1516-56, Germany 1519-. Holy Roman Emperor 1519-56. Fought Francis I. Divided Austria from Spain. Fought Turks.

Charles the Bold. 1433-77. Duke of Burgundy. Adversary of Louis XI.

Chaucer, Geoffrey. c1340-1400. English poet. Canterbury Tales, printed 1477.

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