Duquesne, Abraham. 1610-88. French defeat Spanish, Dutch fleets.

Dutch West India Company. 1621-1794. Commercial and colonial interests in Africa, South America. Driven from Brazil, 1654, New York, 1667.

Dyrrhachium, Battle. 48BC. Pompey defeats Caesar.

Earth. According to geologists created 4,600,000,000BC. Ussher for Biblical version.

East-West Schism. 1054. Separation of Roman and Eastern Catholic churches over filioque.

Eastern Orthodoxy. Branch of Christianity. East-West Schism.

Eclecticism. 2C BC. Philosophical doctrine combining elements of various, sometimes contradictory, philosophies. Cicero.

Edward II. 1284-1327. King of England, 1307-. Defeated by Scots at Bannockburn. Deposed by wife, Isabella. Templars.

Ehrlich, Paul. 1854-1915. German bacteriologist. Salvarsan syphilis treatment, 1909. Idea of specific drugs as “magic bullets”.

Electoral College. US body of electors from each state which selects the president.

Elizabeth, St. Mother of John the Baptist. Sister of Virgin Mary.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. 1803-82. US essayist/ poet. Transcendentalist. Woodnotes 1846, Brahma 1867, English Traits 1856, Self-Reliance.

Enclosure. Land divided, fenced for better yield, causing hardships for smaller farmers, peasants. English 15-16, 18-19C, Europe 18-20C.

Encyclopédists. 1751-72. Group who wrote encyclopaedia under Diderot. Voltaire, Helvetius, D’Alembert. As sceptics, they popularized social ideas which led to the French Revolution.

England. c1800BC Beaker folk. 8C BC Celt. 150BC Belgae. 55BC-407 Rome. 5C Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. 9C Dane(N,E). 10C A-S/Dane. 1042 Anglo-Saxon. 1066 Norman. 1204 -Normandy. 1707 Great Britain. 1801 United Kingdom.

Enragés. 1793. Parisian extremists overthrow Girondins.

Ephesus, Council. 431. Nestor debates Cyril. Monophysitism adopted.

Epiphenomenalism. Mind exists only as a process within the physical system of matter. Cannot exist without it. Hobbes.

Escher, M.C. 1898-1971. Dutch graphic artist. Optical illusion, surrealistic effects.

Esterhazy, Ferdinand. 1847-1923. French. Sold secrets to Germans. Blamed Dreyfus.

Estonia. c1000BC Aesti. 9C- Vikings invade. 11,12C Russia, Denmark, Sweden invades. 1219 Denmark. 1346 Teutonic Knights buy. 16C Sweden/Poland/Denmark divide. 17C Sweden. 1721 Russian. 1918 Independent. 1919-33 Unstable governments. 1924 Failed Bolshevik revolution. 1934 Päts coup. 1940 USSR. 1991 Independent.

Euclid. c300BC. Greek mathematician. Discovered plane geometry. Elements.

Eudoxus of Cnidus. c400-350BC. Greek astronomer. Explained movement of sun, moon, planets.

Europe, Council of. 1949-. To protect common heritage, human rights and harmonize legislation by replacing bilateral treaties.

Evesham, Battle. 1265. Montfort defeated and killed. End of Barons War.

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