Carlos, Don. 1788-1855. Claimed Spanish throne 1833, succeeding brother Ferdinand VII. Carlists.

Carnot, Sadi. 1796-1832. French discoverer of reversibility of heat and work.

Carnot, Sadi. 1837-94. President of the Third French Republic, 1887-. Assassinated.

Carrel, Alexis. 1873-1944. French/US surgeon. Pioneered transplants.

Catholic League. 1576-93. Opposed Henry IV and Huguenots. Holy Leagues.

Cavalier Party. 1660-88. Royalists. Became Tory.

Cavalier Poets. 17C Royalists. Lovelace. Herrick.

Cavaliere, Emilio del. c1550-1602. Added arias and choral movements to cantatas. Early dramatic music.

Caxton, William. c1422-91. Printed first English book 1473/4. First printer in England, 1476. Published Chaucer, Aesop. First woodcuts appear in Game and Playe of Chesse 1476. First poster 1477.

Celts. Central European peoples who settled Spain, Gaul, Asia Minor 3000BC, and invaded Great Britain c3C BC. Plundered Rome 390BC. Thrived in Britain. after Romans. Invaded Greece 279-276BC. Forced to Wales by Invasions 5C. = Roman “Gauls”.

Centaurs. Mythical beasts, half man, half horse.

Central Powers. 1882-1918. = Triple Alliance. Germany and its allies during WWI.

Cerularius, Michael. c1000-59. Patriarch of Constantinople 1043-58. East-West Schism.

Chaco War. 1932-5. Paraguay defeats Bolivia’s claim on Gran Chaco. 100,000 dead.

Chaeronea, Battle. 338BC. Philip of Macedon defeats Greek city-states.

Challenger Expedition. 1872-6. Oceanic survey of currents, depths, temps.

Chambers, Ephraim. c1680-1740. First English Cyclopaedia 1728, used by French Encyclopedists.

Chambord, Count de. 1820-83. Claimed French throne; inflexibility led to failure of Bourbon restoration negotiations 1874.

Chambres Ardentes. 1535-1682. French courts. Tried nobles, heretics.

Channel Tunnel. Mathieu conceived the idea in 1802. Begun 1880s. French-English agreements to proceed, 1964, 1985. Opened 1994.

Charter to the Nobility. 1785. Rights and prerogatives of Russian nobility.

Chartists. 1836-58. British workers’ reform movement. Petitions 1838,40,48 for universal male suffrage, ballot vote led to riots 1839. Lovett.

Chevalier, Maurice. 1888-1972. French singer and actor. Innocents of Paris 1929.

Chikamatsu, Monzaemon. 1653-1724. Japanese playwright. “The Shakespeare of Japan”.

Chinese Civil War. 184 Yellow Turban Rebellion. 1622- Red Hat Rebellion. 1946-9 Communists rebel vs Kuomintang. People’s Republic established.

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