Bruno, Giordano. 1548-1600. Italian Copernican philosopher opposed to dogma. Burned as heretic.

Brussels, Treaty. 1948. = Western Union. 50 year alliance of Britain, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands. 1954 + W Germany, Italy.

Buffons, War of. 1752. Paris intellectuals debate Italian vs French opera. Rousseau.

Bukharin, Nikolay. 1888-1938. Russian Bolshevik. Shot in Stalin’s Purge. Rehabilitated 1988.

Bulgarian Horrors. 1876. Brutal Ottoman suppression of uprising. 15,000 killed in reprisals.

Burckhardt, Jacob. 1818-97. Swiss cultural historian. Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 1860.

Burgundian. c1075-1125. Style of Romanesque architecture. Tall proportional.

Busoni, Ferruccio. 1866-1924. Italian neoclassical, anti-Romantic composer in Liszt tradition. Fantasia 1903-4.

Busta Gallorum, Battle. 552. Narses defeats Goths. Italy comes under Byzantine Empire.

Caccini, Giulio. 1550-1618. Italian composer. Monodic music, early operas.

Cagliorosto. 1743-95. Italian charlatan in Louis XIV court. Diamond Necklace Affair.

Camp David Accords. 1978. Israel-Egypt peace negotiations. Egypt regains Sinai 1982. Begin. Sadat.

Campanella, Tommaso. 1568-1639. Italian monk, philosopher. City of the Sun 1602 parallels Plato’s Republic.

Capital Punishment. Abolished: 1863 Venezuela; 1870 Netherlands; 1877 Costa Rica; 1949 Germany; 1965 Britain; 1969 Vatican City; 1972 US (reinstated 1976); 1976 Canada; 1981 France; (96 countries). Retained: Iran, Iraq, N Korea, USA (95 countries).

Capitalism. System of private ownership of property and industry for profit. Free enterprise. Smith.

Caporetto, Battle. 1917. Disastrous Italian loss vs Austria and Germany.

Caracalla. 188-217. Brutal Roman Emperor 211-.

Caravaggio. 1573-1610. Italian painter. Dramatic light, shadow. Naturalism. Fortune Teller, Guitarist 1590.

Carbonari. 1806-31. Naples. Secret revolutionary society. Young Italy Movement.

Cardano, Gerolamo. 1501-76. Italian physician. Described typhus fever.

Cards. 7-10C China. 1299 Italy. 1615 English tax.

Carducci, Giosue. 1835-1907. Italian Neoclassical poet.

Carissimi, Giacomo. 1604-74. Italian oratorio composer. Widened orchestral instrument variety.

Carter, Elliott. 1908-. US composer. Experimental approach to material and structure.

Carter, Jimmy. 1924-. US President 1977-81. Camp David Talks. Habitat for Humanity.

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