Sardinia. 6C BC Carthage. 238BC Rome. 435 Vandal. 534 Byzantine Empire. 10C Saracen. 1016 Pisa. 1189 Hohenstaufen +Piedmont. 1326 Aragon. 1713 Austria. 1720 Savoy Kingdom. 1796 France. 1815 +Genoa. 1861 Italy. Sardinian Victor-Emmanuel became king of Italy.

Sardis. Capital of ancient Lydia.

Sargent, John Singer. 1856-1925. Italian/US portrait painter. Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose 1886.

Savoy. 1034- Noble dynasty of France, Switzerland. Italian kings 1861-1946.

Scaliger, Julius Caesar. 1484-1558. Italian/French classical scholar. “Father” of literary criticism. Poetics 1561.

Scaramouche. Italian clown, at 83 could knock off his partner’s hat with a high kick.

Scarlatti, Alessandro. 1660-1725. Italian composer of oratorios and operas. Neapolitan School. Influenced classical harmony.

Scarlatti, Domenico. 1685-1757. Italian composer. 555 Sonatas for harpsichord 1737-. Operas 1703-.

Schein, Johann. 1586-1630. Reformation composer. Introduced Italian Baroque to German music.

Schiaparelli, Giovanni. 1835-1910. Italian ’discoverer’ of non-existent canals on Mars.

Schütz, Heinrich. 1585-1672. Founded German church music with Italian style. Wrote first German opera, Dafne 1627.

Secret Speech. 1956. Khrushchev call for destalinization in USSR leads to Hungarian, Polish uprisings.

Semele. Dionysus’ mother. Killed, then immortalized.

Servandoni, G.N. 18C Italian/French architect. St. Sulpice facade 1732.

Servile Wars. Slave revolts vs Rome. 134-132BC Sicily. 102-99BC Sicily. 73-71BC S Italy. Spartacus.

Severini, Gino. 1883-1966. Italian Futurist painter.

Shamanism. Ancestral religion in Asia, N America. Shamans heal sick, talk to gods.

Sherrington, Charles. 1857-1952. British experimental physiologist.

Shostakovich, Dmitri. 1906-75. Russian. Composed complex profound intense personal works. Rebuked by Stalin. Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk 1934.

Sicily. c1100BC Sicans. Sicels. Mycenaean. 7C BC Phoenicia(W)/ Gr(E). 241BC Rome. 5C Ostrogoth. 6C Byzantine. 827 Saracen. 1072 Norman. 1130 +Naples. 1197 Hohenstaufen. 1266-82 France. 1302 Aragon. 1443 +Naples=Two Sicilies. 1860 Italy.

Slansky Trial. 1952. Jewish Czech communists purged during Stalin anti-semitism. Those executed were restored to party membership 1968.

Sobrero, Ascanio. 1812-88. Italian. Nitroglycerine 1846.

Socialism. 19C-. Movement opposing Liberalism, Capitalism. Advocates equal rights, just distribution of property, well-being of proletariat through reform or revolution. Utopia.

Socialist Party. 1892 Italy; 1905 France; 1932 Japan. 1932 Canada.

Socinus, Laelius. 1525-62. Italian founder of Socinianism.

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