L’Hôpital, Michel de. 1505-73. French statesman, urged tolerance during the Wars of Religion.

Libya. 7C BC Phoenician, Carthage, Greek colonies. 46BC Rome. 476 Vandal(W). 534 Byzantine 647 Arab. 1551 Ottoman. 1911 Italian colony. 1943 British/French 1950 Independent Kingdom. 1969 Qaddafi coup. Terrorism. Lockerbie.

Lidice. 1942. Czech village annihilated by Nazis in retaliation for Heydrich assassination.

Lindos. c700-408BC. Major Rhodes city. Colonized Spain and Italy.

Llull, Raimon. 1235-1316. Catalan Neoplatonic Idealist mystic poet, alchemist. Tried to convert Moslems. Felix 1288.

Lodi, Battle. 1796. Napoleon defeats Austria in Italy.

LogicalPositivism. 1920s. Philosophy. Only experimentally verifiable scientific truth counts. Vienna Circle. Wittgenstein.

Lombard, Peter. 1100-1160. Italian bishop. Book of Sentences.

Lombard League. 1167-1250. N Italy united vs HRE.

Lombardo, Pietro. 1435-1515. Antonio 1458-1516. Tullio 1455-1532. Italian architects and sculptors. Dante’s tomb 1485. Doge’s Palace 1498.

Lombards. Germanic people. 568 invaded Italy. 808 Jews formed banking system. 14C Commercial banks.

Lombardy. 5C BC Celt. c200BC Rome. 5C Ostrogoth. 568 Lombards. 774 Charlemagne. 9C Independent towns. 962 HRE. 12C L League. 1337 Milan. 1535 Spain 1713 Austria. 1796 French republic. 1814 Austria. 1859 Italy.

London Naval Conference. 1930. US, Britain, France, Japan, Italy, USA agree to limit battleships to 1936.

London Treaty. 1674 Holland, England end War. 1824 Netherlands, Britain for control of Malaya. 1827 Britain, France, Russia to force mediation on Turkey/Greek freedom fighters. 1831 Belgian War of Independence. 1832 Britain, France, Bavaria made Otto I, King of Greece. 1852 Danish Succession. 1867 Luxembourg independence granted. 1871 Ended neutrality of Black Sea. 1913 Ended first Balkan War. 1915 (Secret) Britain-France-Russia grant concessions to Italy for joining WWI allies. Revealed by Bolsheviks 1918.

Loretto. Italy. 1295. Virgin Mary’s house miraculously translated from Nazareth.

Louis II. The German. c822-76. King of East Carolingian Empire, 843-. Fought reuniting attempts. Checked Arab invasion of Italy.

Louis XI. 1423-83. French King 1461-. Acquired Burgundy, Anjou. Postal service 1477. Arras Treaty.

Louis XII. Father of the People. 1462-1515. French King 1498-. Italian Wars.

Lycurgus. 9C BC. Totalitarian Spartan reformer. Created militaristic society.

Mackenzie, Alexander. c1764-1820. Scottish/Canadian explorer. First transcontinental journey 1793.

Madrid, Treaty. 1526. Charles V, Francis I truce in Italian Wars. 1670. Spain cedes Jamaica to Britain.

Magenta, Battle. 1859. France, Piedmont defeat Austria creating Italian Unity. Carnage led to founding of Red Cross. Eponymous dye discovered 1859.

Magliabechi, Antonio. 1633-1714. Italian Medici librarian.

Magna Graecia. 8-6C BC. Greek colonies in S Italy. Cumae, Tarentum.

Malaparte, Curzio. 1898-1957. Italian Fascist writer. Coup d’Etat 1931.

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