Doubleday, Abner. 1819-93. US formerly thought to be baseball inventor. Cartwright.

Einaudi, Luigi. 1874-1961. Italian. First President of Republic, 1948-55.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. 1803-82. US essayist/ poet. Transcendentalist. Woodnotes 1846, Brahma 1867, English Traits 1856, Self-Reliance.

Engels, Friedrich. 1820-95. German socialist philosopher. Communist Manifesto 1848. Marx. Coined “Industrial Revolution” 1845. Finished Das Kapital 1894.

Enver Pasha. 1881-1922. Young Turk leader. Revolt, 1908. WWI. Ruled with Triumvirate. 1913-18. Talât Pasha.

Ephesus. Major Greek, Roman city now in Turkey. 133 Bequeathed to Rome by Attale. 263 Goths sacked Temple of Artemis, 7 wonder.

Eritrea. 2-9C Aksumite (Ethiopian) Empire. 16C Ottoman. 17-19C Dispute. 1889 Italy. 1941 Britain. 1952 Autonomous within Ethiopian Empire. 1962 Ethiopian province. 1993 Independent.

Ethiopia. c1000BC Semite. 1C Aksumite Kingdom. 10C Zagwe dynasty. 1270 Solomonic dynasty. 17C Divided. 1855 Re-united. 1935 Italy (Italian East Africa). 1941 Independent. 1952 +Eritrea. 1974 Coup, Republic. 1993 -Eritrea.

Etruscans. Asian people in Tuscany 8C BC. Taken by Rome, 4-3C BC. Skilful metal workers. Strong navy, merchant traders. Tarquins.

European Defence Community. 1950-54. Failed attempt at continental army.

European Union. 1958 European Economic Community (EEC) of Belgium, France, W Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands. To integrate economic development of members. 1967 =European Community (EC). 1973 +UK, Ireland, Denmark. 1981+Greece. 1985 -Greenland. 1986 +Spain, Portugal. 1990 +former E Germany. 1993 =European Union (EU). Maastricht Treaty. European Parliament. European Court of Justice.

Eustachio, Bartolomeo. -1574. Italian anatomist. Eustachian tube. Anatomy of Ear 1552.

Evans, Timothy. -1953. Wrongful hanging led to abolition of capital punishment in Britain.

Exarchate of Ravenna. 6-8C. Part of Italy belonging to Byzantine Empire. Ravenna.

Ezzelino III da Ramono. 1194-1259. Cruel ruler of northern Italy. Subject of Dante’s Inferno.

Farinelli, Carlo. 1705-82. Italian castrato soprano.

Farnese, Alessandro. 1545-92. Italian/Spanish governor of Netherlands. Quelled rebellion.

Fascism. 1919-45. Totalitarian movement combining Socialist theories and Nationalism. State as highest value. Mussolini. Falange. Nazism.

Fatalism. Whatever will be will be.

Fellini, Federico. 1920-95. Italian symbolist filmmaker. La Dolce Vita 1960.

Fermi, Enrico. 1901-54. Italian/US atomic physicist. Transuranic elements.

Feuerbach, Ludwig. 1804-72. German philosopher. God is illusion. Immortality of man is only through works and offspring. Thoughts on Death 1830.

Fichte, Johann. 1762-1814. German Nationalist Idealist philosopher. Influenced Totalitarianism. Addresses to the German Nation 1807-8.

Ficino, Marsilio. 1433-99. Italian philosopher. Translated Greek classics to Latin. Theologia Platonicum 1482.

Fiorentino, Rosso. 1495-1540. Italian/French Fontainebleau painter.

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