Pitt, William, the Elder. 1708-78. English statesman, Prime Minister 1756~68. Pursued Seven Years War. “The Great Commoner”.

Pitt, William, the Younger. 1759-1806. English foe of Napoleon. Tory Prime Minister 1783~. Laissez-faire. Repressive measures 1793-1800.

Plantagenet. 1154-1485. English dynasty. Lancaster, York. Angevins. Geoffrey.

Plato. c428-347BC. Greek philosopher, disciple of Socrates’ Dialogs. Free-will. Republic. “There exist absolute truths. Mind imprints its idea on matter. Mind has always existed and seeks to free itself from matter and return to God.” Founded Academy c387. Symposium c384. Apologia c399. Quest for good will lead to harmony in the world.

Pleiades. 7 Greek mythological daughters of Atlas, became constellation.

Pobedonostev, Konstantin. 1827-1907. Russian. professor, tutor to Alexander III, Nicholas II. Pro-autocracy. “Parliaments are the great lie of our time.”

Poincaré, Raymond. 1860-1934. French president 1913-20, Prime Minister 1912~29. Conservative nationalist. Occupied Ruhr.

Polignac, Auguste de. 1780-1847. French minister to Charles X. Disolved Chamber of Deputies, causing July Revolution 1830.

Pol Pot. 1925-98. Cambodian Communist Khmer Rouge leader. Arrested 1997.

Pompidou, Georges. 1911-74. French statesman, Prime Minister 1962-68, President 1969-. Fifth Republic Constitution.

Poor Law Commission. 1842. Chadwick recommends municipal clean water supply and sewage systems to prevent disease.

Pop Art. 1950-. Movement drawing from popular culture. Warhol. Lichtenstein.

Popper, Karl. 1902-94. Austrian/British philosopher. Objective knowledge. All knowledge grows from conjecture and refutation. Social advance made one step at a time.

Positivism. Knowledge based on senses alone. Personal knowledge. Natural laws lead to social engineering to secure a happy society. Comte. Mill. Spencer. Logical Positivism.

Post, Emily. 1872-1960. US writer. Etiquette 1922.

Prague, Treaty of. 1866. Ends Austro-Prussian War. Schleswig-Holstein to Prussia.

Preemption Act. 1841-91. US law allowed squatters on government land to buy 160 acres. Homestead.

Presbyterianism. 16C-. System of church organization sharing power between clergy and congregation. Calvin. Knox. Episcopacy. Congregationalism.

Prester John. Legendary Christian ruler of vast lands in Africa or Asia.

Prime Minister. =Premier. Head of parliamentary government under the head of state (monarch or president). Walpole (1721-42) considered first British Prime Minister. Richelieu 1624 France. Chancellor.

Procrustes. Greek robber. Adjusted victims to his bed length by stretching or cutting.

Profumo Affair. 1963. British War Minister Profumo and Christine Keeler, who also associated with Soviet attaché. Embarassed government.

Protestantism. Christian doctrine based on faith instead of church dispensations. Reformation. Presbyterianism. Calvin. Luther.

Ptolemy. c140. Alexandrian. First cartographer. Promoted Hipparchus’ geocentric theory of solar system. Copernicus. Columbus studied his Geography.

Quesnay, François. 1694-1774. French economist, Physiocrat. “Laissez-faire” is a natural divinely appointed law. Tableau Économique 1758 -systematic study of political economy. Can maximize social satisfaction under free competition.

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