Molay, Jacques de. 1243-1314. Last Grand Master of the Order of Templars. Burned.

Molière, Jean-Baptiste. 1622-73. French comedy actor, playwright. School for Wives 1662. Tartuffe 1664. Don Juan 1665. Misanthrope. Died in role of Malade Imaginaire.

Molotov. 1890-1986. Soviet Stalinist Prime Minister 1930-41.

Monroe Doctrine. 1823. No interference by Europe in Western Hemisphere. No US interference in Europe.

Montecassino. 529. Oldest Benedictine Monastery.

Montessori, Maria. 1870-1952. Italian educator. System based on spontaneity and self motivation 1907.

Moro, Aldo. 1916-78. Italian Prime Minister 1963~76. Killed by left wing terrorist Red Brigade.

Mosadeq, Mohammed. 1880-1967. Iran Prime Minister. Nationalized oil 1951. Briefly forced out Shah 1953. Pyjama speeches.

Moscow Olympics. 1980. Boycotted by Western nations opposed to Afghanistan invasion.

Mountbatten, Louis, First earl. 1900-79. British admiral and statesman. Allied commander SE Asia. Last Viceroy of India. Killed by IRA terrorists.

Mugabe, Robert. 1924-. Rebel leader with Nkomo. First Prime Minister of Zimbabwe 1980-.

Münster, Sebastian. 1489-1552. German scholar. Hebrew Bible 1534-5. Geographica 1540. Cosmographia 1544.

Mysteries. Secret Roman/Greek religious cults. Orphic.

Nakatomi Kamatari. 614-69. Founded Fujiwara dynasty. Tried to adapt Chinese system to Japan.

Narvaez, Ramon. 1800-68. Spanish general supporting Isabella II vs Carlists. Prime Minister 1844-66.

Nasmyth, James. 1808-90. Scottish inventor of steam hammer, 1839.

Nasser, Abdel. 1918-70. Egypt. Led coup vs Farouk 1952. Prime Minister 1954-6, president 1956-8. UAR president 1958-. Modernized. Suez Crisis.

National Health Service. 1948-. British system of socialized medicine.

National Socialism. Nazism. 1919-45. German master-race nationalist Fascist movement. Anti- semitic. Individual surrenders to State will. Hitler. Drexler.

Nationalization. Siezing of private enterprises by government with or without compensation. 1946-9 England: Banks, Railways, Mines, Steel, Electricity, Gas. 1946-9 France: Coal, Electricity, Gas, Transport. 1918 Russia: Banks, Insurance, Industry. 1951 Iran: Oil.

NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949- Collective defence alliance of Western European and North Atlantic countries to preserve democratic freedom. UK, Canada, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, US. 1952 Greece, Turkey, 1955 FRG. 1964 -Greece. 1966 -France. 1980 +Greece. 1982 +Spain. 1993 +France. 1999 +Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic. 2004 +Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Near Eastern Crisis. 1839-41. Eastern Crisis.

Necker, Jacques. 1732-1804. Swiss Finance Minister of France before the Revolution. Compte Rendu 1781. Called Estates General leading to French Revolution. Dismissal led to riots.

Nehru, Pandit Jawaharial. 1889-1964. Congress Movement 1929-. First Indian Prime Minister 1947-. Rationalized Hindu laws.

Neoclassical. 17-18C. French-originated revival of classical order of arts, architecture. Order, balance, simplicity. Poussin. David. Molière. Adam. 1920-. Music based on 18C style + popular taste. Milhaud. Stravinsky. Les Six.

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