Epaminondas. c410-362BC. Thebian general, statesman. Defeated Sparta at Leuctra. Permanently changed balance of power.

Ephesus, Council. 431. Nestor debates Cyril. Monophysitism adopted.

Ephor. 8C BC. Magistrate of Sparta or other Dorian cities.

Ephorus. c405-330BC. Greek. Wrote universal history of Greece.

Ephraim. Son of Joseph. Founded one of 12 Tribes of Israel.

Epictetus. 1 C. Stoic ex-slave, philosopher.

Epiphenomenalism. Mind exists only as a process within the physical system of matter. Cannot exist without it. Hobbes.

Epstein, Jacob. 1880-1959. US/British portrait sculptor.

Erasmus, Desiderius. c1466-1536. Dutch Humanist ecclesiastic reform writer. Published first New Testament based on Greek, 1516. Reason over ignorance and superstition. Opposed Luther. Praise of Folly. Enchiridion: Christ requires of us nothing but a pure and sincere life.

Erastus, Thomas. 1524-83. Swiss theologian. Advocated complete domination of state over church.

Eratosthenes. c276-194BC. Alexandrian mathematician, philosopher. Measured earth’s circumference, tilt of axis. World map 220BC.

Erechtheus. King, raised by Athena. First temple on Athens Acropolis. Later deified.

Eretria. Greek city. Destroyed 490BC by Persia.

Erfurt Parliament. 1850. Austrian opposition causes withdrawal of Prussian plan for German Unification.

Erhard, Ludwig. 1897-1977. West German Economic Minister 1948-63. Chancellor 1963-6. Architect of economic recovery.

Erik the Red. Norwegian explorer, discovered Greenland c985. Established First colony.

Ernst, Max. 1891-1976. German Dada artist.

Erté, Roman. 1892-1990. Russian/French Art Deco artist.

Erzberger, Matthias. 1875-1921. German statesman. Led signing of 1918 Armistice.

Escalade. December 12 celebration of Savoy’s unsuccessful last attack on Geneva, 1602.

Escher, M.C. 1898-1971. Dutch graphic artist. Optical illusion, surrealistic effects.

Escurial. 1557. Spanish monastery near Madrid built by Philip II to commemorate St-Quentin victory.

Est. 1C. Tribe which settled Estonia.

Estates General. States General.

Esterhazy, Ferdinand. 1847-1923. French. Sold secrets to Germans. Blamed Dreyfus.

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