Hardenberg, Karl von. 1750-1822. Prussian chancellor 1810- during Napoleonic Wars. Citizenship to Jews.

Hardy, Thomas. 1840-1928. English novelist: Far from the Madding Crowd 1874; Mayor of Casterbridge 1886; Jude the Obscure 1896. Man as victim of fate. -“the worth encompassed by the inevitable”.

Harmodius. -514BC. Failed assassin of Hippias.

Harris, Roy. 1898-1979. US National music composer. Oklahoma flavour. Assymetric rhythms.

Hart, Moss. 1904-61. US playwright. You Can’t Take It with You 1936.

Hasidism. 18C-. Jewish sect founded by Eliezer, called Ba’al Shem-Tov. Stresses good-heartedness over scholarship, mystical approach to God.

Hauptman, Gerhart. 1862-1946. Polish/German poet and writer. The Weavers 1892.

Haussman. Baron. 1809-91. Parisian town plan, 1852. Opera House. Bois de Boulogne.

Haydn, Joseph. 1732-1809. Austrian Classical composer. Father of modern symphony and string quartet. Solomon Symphony 1791-5. English Symphony 1794. Seasons 1801.

Hazlitt, William. 1778-1830. English essayist, critic. The Plain Speaker 1826.

Hebe. Greek goddess of youth.

Hecate. Greek goddess of magic. 3 heads or bodies.

Hegel, G.W.F. 1770-1831. German Idealist philosopher: Dialectical Reasoning: thesis vs antithesis = synthesis. Dialectical Materialism. “Universe is evolving from first cause toward self awareness and freedom. In man, God becomes aware of Himself”. Phenomenology 1806. Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1817. Philosophy of History 1830.

Heidelberg Catechism. 1563. Calvinist confession used by Reformed churches.

Hel. Norse goddess of death.

Hellenic Art. 1500-300BC. Prehistoric, Archaic, and Classical periods in Greece.

Helnaes Stone. c800. Oldest Danish runic stone.

Helots. Spartan slave class. Rebelled 464BC.

Helsinki Group. 1976. Soviet dissidents who monitor human rights aspect of Helsinki Accord. Orlov. Shscharansky.

Helvetic Confessions. 1636,62. Swiss Reform church doctrines. 2nd widely adopted.

Hemingway, Ernest. 1898-1961. US novelist: Fairwell to Arms 1929. For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940. Old Man and the Sea 1952. Style:“A stream with stones of nouns and a surface of prepositional ripples” -L. Morrow.

Henderson, Arthur. 1863-1935. British organizer of Labour Party.

Hennepin, Louis. 1626-1701. Missionary explorer of Great Lakes. First European to Niagara Falls.

Henry II. 1519-59. French king 1547-. Repressed Protestants. Captured Calais 1558. Treaties of Chambord, Cateau-Cambrésis.

Henry III. 1551-89. French king 1574-. Wars of Religion, Three Henrys. Assassinated.

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