Godunov, Boris. 1551-1605. Russian czar 1598-.

Gogol, Nikolai. 1809-52. Russian Realist writer. Dead Souls 1842.

Golden Horde. 1250-1395. Mongol Empire in west Russia.

Goldman, Emma. 1869-1940. Russian/US anarchist. Deported from US, 1919.

Goliad Massacre. 1836. 350 Texan prisoners by Mexico in War for Independence.

Gómez, Juan. 1864-1935. Ruthless Venezuelan dictator 1908-.

Gompers, Samuel. 1850-1924. British/US founder, president, AFL 1886~.

Gorbachev, Mikhail. 1931-. Leader of USSR 1985-91. Major reforms. Glasnost. Perestroika.

Gorky, Maxim. 1868-1936. Russian writer. Childhood 1913-14.

Gothic Architecture. 12-15C. Began with French cathedrals and spread over N Europe. Pointed arches, rib vaulting, flying buttresses. Stability achieved with balance rather than mass. Airy lightness. St. Denis 1140. Notre Dame Cathedral. Tudor.

Gothic Art. 13C-. Church sculpture, illuminated manuscripts. Less idealized than Classical. Emotions portrayed.

Gottfried von Strassbourg. 13C. German poet. Tristan and Isolde.

Gower, John. -1408. English poet. Confessio Amantis 1393. Vox Clamantis 1384.

GPU. 1922-23. Russian Secret Police. OGPU.

Graces. Three beautiful attendants of Aphrodite. Aglaia, brightness. Euphrosyne, joy. Thalia, bloom.

Grant, Ulysses S. 1822-85. Commander-in-Chief Union army 1864-5 in US Civil War. President 1869-77.

Grass, Günter. 1927-. German writer. Tin Drum 1959.

Greco, El. 1541-1614. Greek/Spanish painter. Elongated figures. Assumption 1577. Crucifixion. Toledo c1608.

Greek Independence, War. 1821-29. Greek rebels, plus England, France, Russia defeat Turkey and Egypt. London Treaty. Otto I. Constantinople Treaty, 1832....End of Holy Alliance.

Greenbacks. US banknotes issued to support Civil War not backed by gold.

Gregorian Calendar. 1582. 11 Day correction and addition of non-leap centuries to Julian Calendar. Adopted 1752 England, 1918 Russia.

Gregory of Nyssa, St. 335-95. Father of Greek church.

Gregory of Tours, St. c538-94. French bishop. Wrote History of the Franks.

Grillparzer, Franz. 1791-1872. Austrian playwright. The Ancestress 1817. Sappho 1818.

Gropius, Walter. 1883-1969. German architect. Bauhaus director. Modern horizontal buildings, glass walls.

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