Norsemen. Danes, Norwegians and Swedes who colonized Britain, France, Russia, 9-11C. Also called: Northmen, Vikings, Varangians. Beseiged Paris 885.

North German Confederation. 1867-71. 22 states led by Prussia. German Empire.

Northern War, Great. 1700-21. Sweden vs Russia and allies. Ends Sweden’s power, begins Russia’s.

Northwest Passage. Attempts 1497- to find a sea route around Canada to Asia. Amundsen succeeded 1903-6. McClure 1853.

Notables, Assembly. French deputies of states appointed by king.

Novara. 1513. Swiss defeat French. 1849. Austrians defeat Sardinians.

November Insurrection. 1830-1. Polish fail to overthrow Russian domination.

Novgorod. <859. One of oldest Russian cities.

Novgorod School. 12-16C. Russian icon and mural painting.

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. 1968. USSR, US, UK, +59 others. Effective 1970.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. 1963. US, UK, USSR, + 100 signatories. No atmospheric, underwater, or space tests. France, China decline, continue testing.

Nufer, Jacob. c1500. First successful Caesarian section on living mother.

Nureyev, Rudolph. 1938-93. Russian ballet dancer. Defected 1961.

Nystad, Treaty. 1721. Russia/Sweden. Russia gains window on Baltic. Ends Great Northern War.

Oberammergau. 1634- Passion play every ten years commemorates plague of 1633.

Objectivism. 20C philosophy of Ayn Rand. Egoism. One should act in self-interest. Altruism is a weakness.

Occam, William. c1280-1349. English Franciscan Nominalist philosopher. “Science is about things, philosophy about terms and concepts”. Occam’s razor: “It is vain to do with more, what can be done with fewer” (Science or Logic). Incompatibility of knowledge and faith, 1332. Opposed Aquinas Aristotelian realism. “Universal ideas exist only in the mind”. Influenced Reformation.

Ockeghem, Johannes. c1430-96. Innovative Franco-Flemish polyphonist composer. Masses, motets.

O’Connell, Daniel. 1775-1847. Irish leader. Founded Catholic Association, 1823. Election to Parliament led to Catholic Emancipation Act, 1829.

October Manifesto. 1905. Nicholas II response to Russian Revolution. If enacted would have created a consititutional monarchy. Octobrists.

October Revolution. 1917. Bolsheviks, Lenin and Trotsky overthrow Kerensky’s Socialist provisional government in Russian Revolution.

Octobrists. 1905-17. Russian party seeking enactment of October Manifesto.

Oder-Neisse Line. 1945- Polish-German border established by Potsdam Conference.

Odoacer. c435-93. German who deposed Romulus Augustus 476. Assassinated by Theodoric.

Odysseus. Hero of Odyssey. Conquered Troy. =Ulysses.

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