Seven Years War. 1756-63. France, Russia, Austria vs England, Prussia who retain Silesia, emerge as major power. French colonial power reduced. England gains New France, India. French-Indian Wars.

Shamil. 1798-1871. Moslem guerilla leader vs Russia in Crimean War.

Sholokhov, Mikhail. 1905-84. Russian writer. Don series.

Shostakovich, Dmitri. 1906-75. Russian. Composed complex profound intense personal works. Rebuked by Stalin. Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk 1934.

Siberia. 13C Mongol(S)...Golden Horde(W)/ Yüan(E). 1483 Russia explores. 1581 Khanate overthrown. 1689 Russo-Chinese border settled. 1891-1905 Trans-Siberian Railway.

Sigismund I. The Old. 1467-1548. King of Poland 1506-. Acquired Prussia 1525.

Silesia. c300BC Vandal. c4C Slav. 11C Polish. 1163 Divided. 13C German colony/Tatars invade. 1335 Bohemia. 15C Divided. 1526 Hapsburg. 1675 Bohemia. 1694 Austria. 1742 Prussia. 1921 Czechoslovakia/Poland/Germany. 1938/9 German. 1945 Poland/GDR.

Silesian Wars. 1740-5. Prussia takes Silesia from Austria. Austrian Succession.

Slavophile. 19C Russian intellectual movement. Believed in superiority of Russian culture.

Socialist Revolutionary Party. 1901-22. Russia. Sought classless society. Suppressed by Bolsheviks.

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr. 1918-2008. Russian novelist. Expelled 1974. Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 1962. Gulag Archipelago 1973.

Sophia Alekseyevna. 1657-1704. Regent of Russia 1682-9 for Ivan V and Peter I.

Speranski, Mikhail. 1772-1839. Russian adviser of Czar Alexander I. Reform advocate, law code compiler.

Sprengtporten, G.M. 1740-1819. Finnish colonel. Finland to join Russian Empire.

Sputnik. 1957. Russia launches first artificial satellite.

Stalin, Joseph. 1879-1953. Soviet bloodthirsty revolutionary. Leader 1924-. 5 Year Plans modernized Russia. 1928 Collectivization. 1932- Dictator. 1936-8 Purge. Turned Marxism to Nationalism and Imperialism. World Socialist Revolution under USSR. 1952 abolished Politburo.

Stalingrad, Battle. 1942-3. Russian victory over Germans. Turning point of WWII.

Stanislavsky, Konstantin. 1863-1938. Russian director. Founded Moscow Art Theater 1898. Method Acting.

Stein, Karl, Freiherr von. 1757-1831. Reforming Prussian statesman helped abolish serfdom.

Stephen Báthory. 1533-86. Polish king 1575-. Won Livonia from Russia.

Stepniak, S. 1852-95. Russian Nihilist writer. Assassinated czar’s police chief. -“Life for life”.

Steuben, Baron von. 1730-94. Prussian general. Trained, organized American Revolution army 1778-.

Stockholm, Treaty. 1719. Sweden trades land for British aid, sells land to Prussia.

Stolypin, Pyotr. 1862-1911. Russian Prime Minister 1906-. Used secret police to control revolutionaries. Moderate reforms.

Stravinsky, Igor. 1882-1971. Russian/US composer. New freedom of rhythm. Fire Bird 1910. Rite of Spring 1913, full of energy and virtuosity.

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