Cicero, Marcus. 106-43BC. Roman orator. Opposed Caesar and Antony. Executed. De Re Republica 54-51BC.

Ciceronian Period. 70-43BC. First great age of Latin literature.

Cimabue, Giovanni. c1240-1302. Italian painter. Broke from Byzantine to natural style by characterizing individuals. St. John. Pisa Cathedral. Sta Trinita Madonna c1290.

Cimarosa, Dominico. 1749-1801. Italian comic opera composer.

Cimon. c510-451BC. Athenian hero of Persian Wars.

Cinematography. 1889 Edison kinetoscope. 1895 Lumière Cinematographe. 1906 Color. 1928 Talky. 1929 Technicolor.

Ciompi, Revolt. 1378. Florence. Lower class rebellion led to democratic government.

CIS. 1991. Commonwealth of Independent States led by Russia. Ukraine, Belarus. Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova.

Cistercians. 1098-. RC monastic order. Rigorous rule. Trappist vows of silence 1664.

Classical. 500-300BC Greek Art. Idealized figure sculptures. Doric, Ionic, Corinthian architecture. Praxiteles. Roman Art. 1C BC-2C AD. Greek forms; added arch. Sculpture: realistic portraits, dramatic bas-relief.

Claudian. c370-404. Classic Latin poet. Rape of Prosperine.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. 1850-1901. US-British agree not to colonize Central America. Panama Canal.

Clearance of Scottish Highlands. 1790-1850. Increased sheep farming displaces tenant crofters.

Cleisthenes. Athenian. First democratic constitution 509BC. Introduced ostracism.

Clemenceau, Georges. 1841-1929. French Radical Prime Minister 1917-20. Dreyfus defender. War leader.

Clément, Jacques. 1567-89. Assassinated Henry III of France.

Cleopatra VII. 69-30BC. Queen of Egypt, lover of Caesar and Antony. Suicide.

Cleopatra’s Needles. c1500BC Thutmose III. Gift of Egypt to Britain, US. Erected London 1878, NY 1881.

Clinton, William J. 1946- US president 1993-2001. Impeached, acquitted over Lewinsky affair. Signed NAFTA. Raised taxes.

Clotaire I. -561. Son of Clovis. Merovingian king of Franks 511-. Reunited empire 558-61.

Clotaire II. 584-629. Merovingian king of Neustria. Reunited Frankish Empire 613, but ceded power to nobles.

Cloud, St. (Clodoald). Grandson of Clovis I.

Clouet, Jean. 1485-1540. French portrait painter.

Clovis I. 465-511. Salian Frankish king 481-. Conquered N Gaul. Baptized at Reims. Moved capital to Paris in 506. First Merovingian king of France.

Clytemnestra. Wife and murderess of Agamemnon. Killed by her children, Orestes and Electra.

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