October War. 1973. Egypt, Syria attack Israel on Yom Kippur. Repulsed. UN creates buffer zone.

O’Donnell, Leopoldo. 1809-67. Spanish general with Isabella II vs Carlists.

OECD. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1961. For expansion of world trade. OEEC + US, Canada, Australia, NZ.

Oecolampadius, Johannes. 1482-1531. German Reformation theologian. Drafted Confession of Basel 1531.

OEEC. Organization for European Economic Cooperation. 1948-61. Western European trade organization. OECD.

Oehlenschläger, Adam. 1779-1850. Danish Romantic poet.

Offenbach, Jacques. 1819-80. German/French light operatic composer: Tales of Hoffman. Orpheus 1859.

Oil. Ancient language of N. France. Occitan.

O’Keefe, Georgia. 1887-1986. US semi-abstract artist.

Okhrana. 1881-1917. Czar’s secret police. Cheka.

Okubo, Toshimichi. 1830-78. Japanese statesman. Meiji Restoration. Westernized Japan.

Old Kingdom. c2780-2160BC. Pyramid Age of Egypt.

Oleg. -c912. Varangian prince of Kiev, founded Rus state.

Olive Branch Petition. 1775. Moderate Americans attempt to avoid war. Ignored by George III.

Olmütz, Treaty. 1850. Restored German Confederation under Austria.

Olympics, Modern. 1896 Athens. 1900 Paris. 1904 St. Louis. 1908 London. 1912 Stockholm. 1920 Antwerp. Summer: 1924 Paris. 1928 Amsterdam. 1932 Los Angeles. 1936 Berlin. 1948 London. 1952 Helsinki. 1956 Melbourne. 1960 Rome. 1964 Tokyo. 1968 Mexico City. 1972 Munich. 1976 Montreal. 1980 Moscow. 1984 Los Angeles. 1988 Seoul. 1992 Barcelona. 1996 Atlanta. 2000 Sydney. 2004 Athens. 2008 Beijing. Winter: 1924 Chamonix. 1928 St Moritz. 1932 Lake Placid. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen. 1948 St Moritz. 1952 Oslo. 1956 Cortina d’Ampezzo. 1960 Squaw Valley. 1964 Innsbruck. 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo. 1976 Innsbruck. 1980 Lake Placid. 1984 Sarajevo. 1988 Calgary. 1992 Albertville. 1994 Lillehammer. 1998 Nagano. 2002 Salt Lake City. 2006 Torino. Olympia.

Omar Khayyam. c1027-1123. Persian mathematician/ poet: Rubaiyat. Specific gravity of gold 1061.

Omnibus. 1829 London. 1904 Double decker. 1911 Last horse drawn bus.

Omri. -c872BC. King of Israel c884-. Established capital at Samaria.

Op art. 20C style incorporating optical illusion of movement. Vasarely. Riley.

Open Door. 1900-39. US policy of equal trade rights with China.

Opéra. 1861-75. Paris opera house by Garnier.

Opera Buffa. = Comic Opera. Pergolesi.

Opéra-Comique. 18C-. French light opera infl by Italian Opera Buffa. Grétry.

Opium Wars. 1839-42 Hong Kong ceded to Britain. 1856-60. French, British force China to open trade, legalize opium. Demonstrated European weapon superiority. Nanking Treaty.

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