Oradour-sur-Glane. 1944. Germans kill residents, burn town. 10 survivors of 652.

Orange, House of. French dynasty influential in Netherlands. William I. William III.

Orange Free State. 1820 Boer colony. 1848 British. 1854 Independent. 1900 British. 1910 Union of South Africa. Boer War.

Orangemen. 1795- Irish Protestant political faction.

Oranges, War of. 1801. France and Spain defeat and divide Portugal.

Oregon Trail. 1840-70. 2,000 mile route from Missouri to Oregon.

Orestes. Electra’s brother. Killed mother and her lover to avenge death of his father, Agamemnon.

Orestes. -476. Roman general. Deposed Nepos for his son, Romulus Augustulus.

Orff, Carl. 1895-1982. Modern German composer. Straightforward. Carmina Burana 1936.

Orient Express. 1883-1977. Paris-Istanbul train.

Orléans. 1344-. Branch of French Valois and Bourbons.

Orléans, Charles, duc d’. 1394-1465. Fought with Armagnacs vs Burgundians. Captured at Agincourt 1415. Ransomed 1440. Last courtly poet of France.

Orléans, Louis Philippe, duc d’. 1747-93. Became Citizen Égalité 1892. Joined Third Estate. Father of King Louis-Philippe.

Orléans, Philippe II, duc d’. 1674-1723. French soldier Wars of Grand Alliance, Spanish Succession. Regent for Louis XV.

Orlov, Grigory, Count. 1734-83. Russian lover of Catherine II; led coup vs Peter III. Advocated liberating Christians from Ottoman rule.

Orozco, José. 1883-1949. Mexican mural painter.

Ortega y Gasset, José. 1883-1955. Spanish philosopher: Terra de Nuestra Tiempo 1923. Revolt of the Masses 1929.

Osama bin Laden. 1957-. Wahabi Saudi Arabian construction magnate turned terrorist. World Trade Center. Taliban. al-Qaeda.

Oscar I. 1799-1859. King of Norway and Sweden 1844-. Liberal reforms.

Osler, William. 1849-1919. Canadian/British physician. Blood platelets 1873. Principles and Practice of Medicine 1892.

OSS. Office of Strategic Services. 1942-45. Precursor to CIA.

Ostracism. Athenian 10 year exile for disrupting stability.

Ostrogoths. Germanic peoples. 3C Ukraine kingdom. 406 kingdom in Italy. 370 conquered by Huns. 493 conquered Italy. 555 dispersed by Justinian. Goths.

Oudenaarde, Battle. 1708. Churchill, Prince Eugène defeat French.

Outer Space Treaty. 1967. International cooperation in space. Controlled military uses. 70+ signatories.

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