Norway. 872 United by Harald Fairhair. 1130- Civil wars. 1397 Danish. 1814 Swedish. 1905 Independent. 1940-45 Germans occupy.

Nostradamus. 1503-66. French astrologer. Prophesied Napoleon and Hitler.

Notre-Dame. Paris Cathedral. 1163-1345. Restored 1841. Prototype of all Gothic cathedrals.

Novara. 1513. Swiss defeat French. 1849. Austrians defeat Sardinians.

Novgorod School. 12-16C. Russian icon and mural painting.

Noyon, Treaty. 1516. France cedes Naples to Spain.

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. 1968. USSR, US, UK, +59 others. Effective 1970.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. 1963. US, UK, USSR, + 100 signatories. No atmospheric, underwater, or space tests. France, China decline, continue testing.

Nullification. US states’ rights to remedy federal abuse of power locally. Calhoun.

Nuñez, Rafael. 1825-94. Colombian President. 1880~ dictator.

Nuremberg Rallies. 1933-8. Annual Nazi festivals followed by Hitler policy speech.

OAS. Organisation de l’Armée Secrète. 1961-9. Right-wing terrorist anti-Gaullist group founded by Salan. Failed revolt in Algeria 1961.

OAS. Organization of American States. 1948. Western Hemisphere organization for peace, security, and economic cooperation. Cuba expelled 1962.

Obed. Biblical son of Ruth and Boaz. Grandfather of David.

Oberammergau. 1634- Passion play every ten years commemorates plague of 1633.

Objectivism. 20C philosophy of Ayn Rand. Egoism. One should act in self-interest. Altruism is a weakness.

Observatory, Paris. 1667-72. Claude Perrault. Dimensions of the solar system 1672, meridians of longitude. Sets Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

OCAS. Organization of Central American States. 1951-. For regional and economic unity. CACM.

Occam, William. c1280-1349. English Franciscan Nominalist philosopher. “Science is about things, philosophy about terms and concepts”. Occam’s razor: “It is vain to do with more, what can be done with fewer” (Science or Logic). Incompatibility of knowledge and faith, 1332. Opposed Aquinas Aristotelian realism. “Universal ideas exist only in the mind”. Influenced Reformation.

Occasionalism. Will is free. God arranges that what man wills, happens. Determinism. Free Will.

Occitan. Langue d’Oc. Romance language of southern France. Dialects include Provençale, the language of the troubadours. Oil.

Occultism. Belief in supernatural. Astrology, alchemy, spiritualism, theosophy.

Ockeghem, Johannes. c1430-96. Innovative Franco-Flemish polyphonist composer. Masses, motets.

Octavia. -11BC. Octavian’s sister. Antony’s wife 40-30BC before Cleopatra.

October Revolution. 1917. Bolsheviks, Lenin and Trotsky overthrow Kerensky’s Socialist provisional government in Russian Revolution.

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