Nicholas of Cusa. 1401-64. German. Proposed heliocentricity, calendar reform 1429. De Docta Ignorantia 1440. “A learned man is one who is aware of his own ignorance.”

Nicias. -413BC. Athenian commander. Syracuse siege.

Niemeyer, Oscar. 1907-. Brazilian architect: Brasilia.

Niepce, Nicéphore. 1765-1833. French. First permanent photographic image 1826.

Nietzche, Friedrich. 1844-1900. German philosopher. Superman doctrine. Survival of fittest. Thus Spake Zarathustra 1883-92. Will to Power influenced Fascists.

Nigeria. c5C BC Nok. c12C Yoruba(SW). 13C Hausa(N)/Kanem-Bornu/Ibo(E). 15C Portugal reach. Slave source. 1851 British colony. 1884 British protectorate. 1960 Independent. 1963 Republic. 1993-98 Abacha military dictatorship. Biafra.

Night of the Long Knives. 1934. Hitler’s SS murder 77+ Nazi opponents and others.

Nihilistm. 19C Russian philosophy of skepticism associated with disheveled revolutionaries. Utilitarianism and rationalism.

Nikolsburg, Treaty. 1621. Austria regained Hungarian crown, Transylvania enlarged.

Nimitz, Chester. 1885-1966. US Admiral of Pacific Fleet, WWII. Received Japanese surrender on Missouri.

Nisei. 2nd generation Japanese in US.

Nobel Prize. Nobel legacy funded. Peace Prize and prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature. 1969 +Economics. . Declined: Le Duc Tho, Pasternak, Sartre.

Nobile, Umberto. 1885-1978. Italian general, flew over South Pole in a dirigible, 1926, with Amundsen, Ellsworth.

Nobiles. 3C- Roman ruling aristocracy. Patricians and office holding Plebeians.

Noguchi, Isamu. 1904-88. Japanese/US abstract sculptor. UNESCO Garden, Paris 1958.

Nominalism. Philosophy. Abstractions do not exist. Things are their names. Vs Realists. Aristotle. Roscelin. Hobbes.

Noncooperation Movement. 1920-22. Ghandi’s non-violent protest in India. Amritsar Massacre.

Nordic Council. 1953-. Denmark, Norway, Sweden. 1955 +Finland. Promotes cultural unity, reciprocal rights.

Normandy Invasion. 1944. Eisenhower’s D-Day assault of Allies on German-occupied France. WWII turning point.

Normans. 9C. Norsemen who settled in northern France, Sicily, Naples, Albania, Thessaloniki.

Norsemen. Danes, Norwegians and Swedes who colonized Britain, France, Russia, 9-11C. Also called: Northmen, Vikings, Varangians. Beseiged Paris 885.

North German Confederation. 1867-71. 22 states led by Prussia. German Empire.

Northern Ireland. Ireland. 17C Protestants settle. 1801 United Kingdom. 1920 Ireland divided. 1922 Civil War. 1922 Direct rule. IRA.

Northumbria. Anglo-Saxon kingdom. c605 Bernicia + Deira = Northumbria. 9C Danish. 944 +England.

Norton, Thomas. 1532-84. First English tragedy with Sackville, in blank-verse. Gorboduc 1561.

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