Ems Dispatch. 1870. Bismarck alters telegram from Wilhelm, causing Franco-Prussian War.

Encyclopédists. 1751-72. Group who wrote encyclopaedia under Diderot. Voltaire, Helvetius, D’Alembert. As sceptics, they popularized social ideas which led to the French Revolution.

Enlightenment. 17-18C. Intellectual movement. Rationalism, natural laws vs dogma, authority. J-J Rousseau. Smith. Mendlessohn. Fontenelle. Voltaire. Montesquieu. Hume. Berkeley. Sturm und Drang.

Enragés. 1793. Parisian extremists overthrow Girondins.

Ensor, James. 1860-1949. Belgian painter and engraver. Pessimistic fantasy and social commentary.

Entebbe. Uganda airport. Site of 1976 hijacking ended by Israeli commandos.

Entente Cordiale. 1904. Anglo-French agreement. Defined spheres of influence in Africa and Pacific allowing co-operation vs Germany.

Enver Pasha. 1881-1922. Young Turk leader. Revolt, 1908. WWI. Ruled with Triumvirate. 1913-18. Talât Pasha.

Eos. Greek Goddess of dawn. = Aurora.

Epaminondas. c410-362BC. Thebian general, statesman. Defeated Sparta at Leuctra. Permanently changed balance of power.

Épée, Abbé de l’. 1712-89. French educator of deaf-mutes. Natural sign language.

Ephor. 8C BC. Magistrate of Sparta or other Dorian cities.

Ephraim. Son of Joseph. Founded one of 12 Tribes of Israel.

Epicurus. c341-270BC. Greek Philospher. Founded Epicureanism. Maximum pleasure attained through moderation.

Epimetheus. Pandora’s husband.

Epoch of Civil War. 1863-80. Colombian liberals vs conservatives. Núñez forms coalition.

Epstein, Jacob. 1880-1959. US/British portrait sculptor.

Erasmus, Desiderius. c1466-1536. Dutch Humanist ecclesiastic reform writer. Published first New Testament based on Greek, 1516. Reason over ignorance and superstition. Opposed Luther. Praise of Folly. Enchiridion: Christ requires of us nothing but a pure and sincere life.

Erastus, Thomas. 1524-83. Swiss theologian. Advocated complete domination of state over church.

Erato. Greek Muse of lyric poetry.

Eratosthenes. c276-194BC. Alexandrian mathematician, philosopher. Measured earth’s circumference, tilt of axis. World map 220BC.

Erechtheus. King, raised by Athena. First temple on Athens Acropolis. Later deified.

Eretria. Greek city. Destroyed 490BC by Persia.

Erfurt Parliament. 1850. Austrian opposition causes withdrawal of Prussian plan for German Unification.

Escalade. December 12 celebration of Savoy’s unsuccessful last attack on Geneva, 1602.

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