Escher, M.C. 1898-1971. Dutch graphic artist. Optical illusion, surrealistic effects.

Eschine. 390-314BC. Greek orator.

Escurial. 1557. Spanish monastery near Madrid built by Philip II to commemorate St-Quentin victory.

Esma’il I. 1487-1524. Shah of Iran 1501-. Converted Iran Sunni to Shi’ah.

Estates General. States General.

Esther. Old Testament Persian Queen. Saved Jews from extinction.

ETA. 1970-. Basque terrorist separatist organization.

Etaples, Treaty. 1492. England renounces claim to France, except Calais.

Ethelred the Unready. c968-1016. King of English 978-. Unable to defend against Danish raids. Drove them out, 1015.

Etruscans. Asian people in Tuscany 8C BC. Taken by Rome, 4-3C BC. Skilful metal workers. Strong navy, merchant traders. Tarquins.

Eudes. 860-98. King of France in 888. Defended Paris against the Norse in 885.

Eugène of Savoy, Prince. 1663-1736. French General of H.R. Imperial armies. Defeated Turks in Vienna and Hungary.

Eugenics. Race improvement by selective mating. Galton.

Eugénie. 1826-1920. Spanish Empress of France, 1853-70.

Eulenspiegel, Till. -1350. German peasant prankster.

Euphrosyne. Grace of mirth and merriment.

Euripides. c480-406BC. Greek tragic poet, sceptical of myths. Medea 431. Iphegenia. Electra.

Europa. Daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, raised by Zeus (Jupiter). Minos’ mother.

Europe, Council of. 1949-. To protect common heritage, human rights and harmonize legislation by replacing bilateral treaties.

European Union. 1958 European Economic Community (EEC) of Belgium, France, W Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands. To integrate economic development of members. 1967 =European Community (EC). 1973 +UK, Ireland, Denmark. 1981+Greece. 1985 -Greenland. 1986 +Spain, Portugal. 1990 +former E Germany. 1993 =European Union (EU). Maastricht Treaty. European Parliament. European Court of Justice.

Euterpe. Greek Muse of tragedy and flute playing.

Evangelicalism. Protestant churches that follow literal biblical interpretation.

Evatt, Herbert. 1894-1965. Australian statesman. Major influence on UN charter.

Exarchate of Ravenna. 6-8C. Part of Italy belonging to Byzantine Empire. Ravenna.

Executive Branch. Department of US government which carries out laws, under supervision of President.

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