Italo-Ethiopian War. 1935-6. Italy conquers Ethiopia. Demonstrated League of Nations ineffectiveness.

Ivan IV. The Terrible. 1530-84. First Russian czar 1547-. Expanded Russia. Established Czar’s power.

Ives, Charles. 1874-1954. First major US composer. Unconventional work anticipates 20C techniques. Very influential on later Americans. 3rd Symphony 1904.

Ivory Coast. Baulé, Kru, Lobi, Senefu. 1895 French West Africa. 1960 Independent republic. Cote d’Ivoire.

Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall”. 1824-63. Mexican War and Confederacy general. Bull Run, Shenandoah, Antietam.

Jacobins. 1789-94. Robespierre-led radical democratic French Revolutionary group. In power 1793-4. -“Holy League against the enemies of liberty”.

Jacobites. 1688-1753. Supporters of exiled James II and Stuart line after Glorious Revolution. 1715 “Old Pretender” James fails to claim British throne. 1745-6. Bonnie Prince Charlie unable to reclaim throne of England/Scotland. Stuart supporters aided rebels in Scotland and Ireland. Culloden Moor.

Jacquard, Joseph. 1752-1834. French engineer: punched card loom for pattern weaving 1805.

Jacquemart de Hesdin. Court painter: Grandes Heures du Duc de Berry 1409.

Jacquerie Revolt. 1358. French peasants revolt vs tax increases to support Hundred Years War. Marcel.

Jagatai. -1242. Mongol conqueror. Son of Genghis Khan.

Jahn, Friedrich. 1778-1852. German “father of gymnastics”. Turnverein.

James, Henry. 1843-1916. US psychological novelist. American 1877. Washington Square 1881. Turn of the Screw 1898. Compared innocence of New World with corruption of Old.-“It takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature”.

James, St. -c62. Apostle. “Lord’s brother”. Wrote Epistle of James.

James I. 1208-76. King of Aragon 1213-. Conquered Balearic Is. 1229-35. Drove Moors from Valencia.

James I. 1566-1625. James VI of Scotland 1567-. King of England 1603-. United Scotland and England. Authorized Bible 1611.“Wisest fool in Christianity”. Gunpowder Plot. Religious controversy.

Janissaries. 1330-1826. Ottoman sultan’s powerful bodyguard. First recruited from Christian children. Massacred by Mahmud II after revolt.

Jansenism. 1640-1730. Sought return to severity of Augustine. Opposed Jesuits. Gallicanism. Arnauld. Suppressed by Louis XIV. Pascal. Quesnel.

Jaques-Dalcroze, Émile. 1865-1950. Swiss composer. Developed Eurhythmics 1905.

Jason. Led Argonauts in quest for Golden Fleece.

Jauhar. Indian woman’s suicide by fire before husband’s expected death in battle.

Jaurès, Jean. 1859-1914. French socialist leader. L’Armée nouvelle 1910.

Jay, John. 1745-1829. US president of Continental Congress 1778. First Chief Justice. Jay’s Treaty.

Jay’s Treaty. 1794. Brititish concessions to US to avoid another war doesn’t appease Americans.

Jehovah’s Witnesses. 1879-. Christian sect believing in Christ’s imminent second coming. Founded by Russell. Publish Watchtower and Awake!. Yahweh.

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