Eckmühl. Battle. 1809. Bavaria. Napoleon’s victory over Austria who lose German support.

École Militaire. 1752. French Royal Military Academy. Gabriel.

École Polytechnique. 1794-. French college of high repute. Replaced Navarre. Graduates are the “X”.

Ecuador. 1000 Quito Indian kingdom. 15C Inca. 1534 Spain. 1822 Independent «Gran Colombia. 1830 Republic. 1832 +Galapagos.

Edward I. 1239-1307. King of England 1272-. Conquered Wales. Limited power of church and nobles. 1290 expelled Jews. Defined acre 1305.

Edward IV. 1442-83. First York king of England. 1461~83. Revived monarch’s power. Wars of Roses.

Edward the Confessor, St. c1003-66. Anglo Saxon king 1041-. Founded Westminster Abbey. Conquered Wales. Died without heir, prompting Norman Invasion.

Ehrlich, Paul. 1854-1915. German bacteriologist. Salvarsan syphilis treatment, 1909. Idea of specific drugs as “magic bullets”.

Einstein, Albert. 1879-1955. German/Swiss/US physicist. Special Theory of Relativity 1905. Quantum theory 1905. General Theory of Relativity 1916. Pacifist, Zionist.

Eleanor of Aquitaine. Divorced from Louis VII 1152 after accompanying him on Second Crusade. Married Henry II of England, bringing Aquitaine under English crown...Angevin Empire. Mother of Richard I. Led 1173 revolt vs husband, Henry II.

Elizabeth I. 1533-1603. Queen of England, 1558-. Stable, prosperous reign of literature and art. Restored Protestantism. Supported them abroad.

Elizabeth II. 1926-. Queen of UK 1952-. Head of State of many Commonwealth countries.

Élysée Palace. 1718. Site of Napoleon’s abdication 1815. French president’s residence since 1873.

Empire. Style of Art. 1804-14. Classical heroic grandiose trend from Napoleon’s court. Arc de Triomphe, 1806.

Encyclopédists. 1751-72. Group who wrote encyclopaedia under Diderot. Voltaire, Helvetius, D’Alembert. As sceptics, they popularized social ideas which led to the French Revolution.

Engels, Friedrich. 1820-95. German socialist philosopher. Communist Manifesto 1848. Marx. Coined “Industrial Revolution” 1845. Finished Das Kapital 1894.

Enghien, Duc d’. Prince of Condé. 1772-1804. Executed for alleged plot against Napoleon.

England. c1800BC Beaker folk. 8C BC Celt. 150BC Belgae. 55BC-407 Rome. 5C Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. 9C Dane(N,E). 10C A-S/Dane. 1042 Anglo-Saxon. 1066 Norman. 1204 -Normandy. 1707 Great Britain. 1801 United Kingdom.

Enlightenment. 17-18C. Intellectual movement. Rationalism, natural laws vs dogma, authority. J-J Rousseau. Smith. Mendlessohn. Fontenelle. Voltaire. Montesquieu. Hume. Berkeley. Sturm und Drang.

Ennius, Quintus. 239-169BC. Roman poet. Annales-History of Rome.

Épée, Abbé de l’. 1712-89. French educator of deaf-mutes. Natural sign language.

Ephesus. Major Greek, Roman city now in Turkey. 133 Bequeathed to Rome by Attale. 263 Goths sacked Temple of Artemis, 7 wonder.

Epimetheus. Pandora’s husband.

Épinay, Louise d’. 1726-83. French Enlightenment patroness.

Equatorial Guinea. 10-15C Bubi. 1469 Portugal. 1778 Spain 1827 British base. 1843 Spain. 1964 Self-government. 1968 Independent.

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