Holbach, Paul, Baron d’. 1723-89. French Materialist philosopher and Encyclopaedist.

Humanism. 14C-. Philosophy. Mankind at the center of consciousness. Mankind can live ethically without recourse to the supernatural. Belief in personal worth of individual. Rational, creative. Petrarch.

Hume, David. 1711-76. Scottish empiricist philosopher and historian: On Human Nature 1739. Free-will. Behaviour results from innate character. God cannot be proved by reason, but we must believe in Him.

Husserl, Edmund. 1859-1938. German philosopher. Phenomenology.

Huxley, Aldous. 1894-1963. English philosophical novelist: Brave New World 1932.

Hypatia. c370-415. Alexandrian Neoplatonic philosopher. Murdered by St. Cyril and monks. Decline of Alexandria as learning center.

I Ching. 12C BC. Supplement 475BC. Chinese Book of Changes. 64 hexagrams used for divination. Early ethics, philosophy text.

Iamblichus. c250-330. Syrian NeoPlatonist philosopher. Theurgy replaces spiritual mysticism. De Mysteriis.

Ibn al’Arabi. 1165-1240. Spanish Moslem mystical philosopher. Meccan Revelation 1201.

Ibn Tufall. c1100-85. Arab philosopher. Havy Ibn-Yaqzan 1175.

Idealism, Philosophical. Reality is a consciousness of abstract laws vs sensory-based Materialism.

Ingersoll, Robert. 1833-99. US agnostic philosopher, orator.

Ionian School. 6C BC. Greek philosophers. Thales. Araximanedes. Diogenes. Explained phenomena in terms of physical forces.

Irrationalism. 19C. Philosophy stressing instinct over reason. Schopenhauer.

James, William. 1842-1910. US Pragmatic philosopher. Radical Empiricism. Principles of Psychology 1890. Will to Believe 1897.

Jaspers, Karl. 1883-1969. German Existential philosopher. Philosophie 1932.

Joad, CEM. 1891-1953. British pacifist agnostic Rationalist philosopher. Vitalism. Guide to Philosophy 1936.

Judah ha-Levi. c1075-1141. Jewish poet, philosopher in Spain. Ode to Zion.

Kant, Immanuel. 1724-1804. German Romantic philosopher. Free-will. Inherent moral nature implies “Transcendental” world of freedom. Although the mind builds internal maps of sensory perceptions, we do not know what the world is really like. -“moral imperative = human diginity”. On Heaven 1755. Critique of Pure Reason 1781. Critique of Practical Reason 1788. Critique of Judgement.

Kindl. -c870. Arab philosopher. Translated Aristotle.

Krishnamurti, Jiddu. 1895-1986. Indian religious philosopher. Headed World Order of the Star with Besant.

Kukai. 774-835. Japanese Buddhist. Evolved “True Word” philosophy. 10 Stages of Consciousness.

Lao-tzu. =Old Philosopher. 604-531BC. Legendary Chinese philosopher. Founded Taoism. The Way of Life.

Leibniz, Gottfried. 1646-1716. German philosopher, mathematician. Invented differential and integral calculus1675, binary arithmetic 1703. Multiplication machine 1671.

Leucippus. -440BC. Greek philosopher. Atomism. “Nothing occurs at random”.

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