Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien. 1857-1939. French philosopher. Primitive Mentality 1923.

Linnaeus, Carolus. 1707-78. Swedish botanist. Created Latin genus/species naming convention. Systema Naturae 1735. Philosophia Botanica 1751. Classified Homo Sapiens 1766.

Littré, Paul-Émile. 1801-81. French positivist philosopher. Dictionary of the French Language 1863-73.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

LogicalPositivism. 1920s. Philosophy. Only experimentally verifiable scientific truth counts. Vienna Circle. Wittgenstein.

Logos. Greek force of cosmic order and reason. Link between God and man. Philo.

Longinus. 213-273. Greek philosopher. Advised Zenobia to revolt vs Rome. Executed.

Macrobius. c400. Latin philosopher. Saturnalia.

Maimonides, Moses of Cordova. 1135-1204. Jewish philosopher. Mishneh Torah 1168. Guide for the Perplexed 1180.

Marcel, Gabriel. 1889-1973. French Existential philosopher. Experience more important than metaphysics.

Marcus Aurelius. 121-180. Roman Emperor 161-. Stoic philosopher. Meditations. Repelled invasions. Persecuted Christians.

Marcuse, Herbert. 1898-1979. German/US radical philosopher. Revolutionary change vs repressive society. One Dimensional Man 1964.

Marsilius of Padua. c1282-1343. Italian political philosopher. -“political power comes from the people”.

Marx, Karl. 1818-83. German socialist philosopher: Communist Manifesto 1848. Das Kapital 1867. Dialectical Materialism. Marxism.

Megarian. 4C BC. School of philosophy founded by Eucleides. Good is a single quality by many names.

Mendelssohn, Moses. 1729-86. German Jewish reform philosopher. Nathan the Wise 1779.

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. 1908-61. French philosopher blending existentialism, Marxism, phenomenology.

Mill, John Stuart. 1806-73. English Utilitarian Positivist philosopher. Social as well as political freedom is necessary. Tyranny of the majority. Associationism. Political Economy 1848. On Liberty 1859. Utilitarianism 1863. Women’s Right to Vote 1866.

Mo-tzu. c470-391BC. Chinese philosopher. People should love each other universally. vs Confucianism: parents are more important.

Montesquieu, Charles. 1689-1755. French political philosopher. De l’esprit de lois 1748. Idea of separate executive/legislative branches of government adopted in US, France.

Moore, G. E. 1873-1958. British Realist philosopher. Principia Ethica 1903. Ideal Utilitarianism.

Murdoch, Iris. 1919-99. British philosophical novelist. Under the Net 1954.

Naturalism. 20C Philosophy explaining all in scientific terms, rejecting supernatural.

Neoplatonism. 3C Plotinus’ philosophy of the “One”. Union with the “Good” by using intelligence.

Neo-Pythagoreanism. 1C mystic philosophy.

76 more results ...