Empiricism. Philosophy maintaining that all valid human knowledge is gained from experience.

Engels, Friedrich. 1820-95. German socialist philosopher. Communist Manifesto 1848. Marx. Coined “Industrial Revolution” 1845. Finished Das Kapital 1894.

Epictetus. 1 C. Stoic ex-slave, philosopher.

Epicurus. c341-270BC. Greek Philospher. Founded Epicureanism. Maximum pleasure attained through moderation.

Eratosthenes. c276-194BC. Alexandrian mathematician, philosopher. Measured earth’s circumference, tilt of axis. World map 220BC.

Eucken, Rudolf. 1846-1926. German philosopher: personal ethics are more important than intellectual idealism.

Existentialism. Philosophy. Existence is concrete. Man has choice. Responsibility, freedom. Anti-conformism. Kierkegaard. Sartre. Heidegger.

Feuerbach, Ludwig. 1804-72. German philosopher. God is illusion. Immortality of man is only through works and offspring. Thoughts on Death 1830.

Fichte, Johann. 1762-1814. German Nationalist Idealist philosopher. Influenced Totalitarianism. Addresses to the German Nation 1807-8.

Ficino, Marsilio. 1433-99. Italian philosopher. Translated Greek classics to Latin. Theologia Platonicum 1482.

Fourier, Charles. 1772-1837. French socialist philosopher. His utopia was attempted in US, Brook Farm, a voluntary cooperative.

Free Will. Philosophies which allow that man can more or less determine his own destiny. Fatalism.

Fuller, R. Buckminster. 1895-1983. US engineer/philosopher. Geodesic Dome.

Gandhi, Mohandas. 1869-1948. Indian patriot and non-violent philosopher. Home Rule. Opposed Partition. Assassinated.

Ghazali, al-. 1058-1111. Islamic Sufi philosopher, mystic.

Gibran, Khalil. 1883-1931. Lebanese/US philosopher, writer. The Prophet 1923.

Godwin, William. 1756-1836. English atheist philosopher, author. Anarchism. Cooperation is evil. Things as they Are 1794.

Grimm, Wilhelm. 1786-1859, Jacob 1785-1863. German writers of fairy tales 1812, founders of the German philology.

Harrison, Frederic. 1831-1923. English Positivist: Philosophy of Common Sense 1907.

Hedonism. Philosophy of human pleasure.

Hegel, G.W.F. 1770-1831. German Idealist philosopher: Dialectical Reasoning: thesis vs antithesis = synthesis. Dialectical Materialism. “Universe is evolving from first cause toward self awareness and freedom. In man, God becomes aware of Himself”. Phenomenology 1806. Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1817. Philosophy of History 1830.

Heidegger, Martin. 1889-1976. German Existentialist philosopher. Being and Time 1927.

Helvétius, Claude-Adrien. 1715-71. French Materialist philosopher. All actions based on self-interest. De l’ésprit 1758.

Heracleitus. c540-480BC. Greek philosopher. ’The only permanent thing is change.’ Fire is basis of matter.

Hobbes, Thomas. 1588-1679. English Materialist Determinist philosopher. Nominalist. Royalist. Good is that which brings pleasure; evil, pain. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Elements of Law 1640. Leviathan 1651.

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