Philippe Auguste Wall. 1210. First defensive wall around Paris.

Philoctetes. Mythical Greek warrior. Killed Paris at Troy.

Phoenix Park Murders. 1882. British Secretary and Undersecretary of Ireland killed by terrorists.

Picard, Jean. 1620-82. French astronomer. Founded Paris Observatory. Computed size of earth.

Pilgrim Fathers. 1620. English religious Separatists who sailed on Mayflower to avoid persecution.

Pinter, Harold. 1930-. English playwright. Birthday Party 1958. Caretaker 1960.

Pitt, William, the Younger. 1759-1806. English foe of Napoleon. Tory Prime Minister 1783~. Laissez-faire. Repressive measures 1793-1800.

Pius VII. 1742-1823. Pope 1800-. Excommunicated Napoleon after French annexed Papal States. Imprisoned 1809-14.

Place de Grève. -1830 Meeting place for Paris unemployed in Middle Ages.

Place de la Concorde. 1775. Paris. Designed by Gabriel 1755. Site of guillotine 1793.

Plaid Cymru. 1925-. Welsh party seeks Dominion status.

Plain. Moderate party in French Revolution. Montagnards.

Plata, La. 1776-1910. Spanish viceroyalty in South America. Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay.

Plutarch. c50-119+. Greek/Roman biographer and moralist. Influenced Rousseau. Parallel Lives.

Pobedonostev, Konstantin. 1827-1907. Russian. professor, tutor to Alexander III, Nicholas II. Pro-autocracy. “Parliaments are the great lie of our time.”

Poland. c2000BC Slavs settle. 9C Tribes unite. 966 =Poland. Mieszko I. 1038 Piast dynasty. 1386 +Lithuania. 1572- Kings elected, weak. 1772,93,95. Partitioned by Russia(E), Austria(SW), Prussia(NW). 1815 Congress Kingdom (Russia). 1918 Independent republic. 1926 Dictatorship. 1939 Germany/Russia occupy. 1941 Germany. 1945 Independent. 1947 Communist. 1952 People’s Republic. 1989 Free elections. Solidarity.

Poland, Partitions of. 1772 Russia, Prussia, Austria take a third each. 1793 Russia, Prussia invade to restore conservative rule. 1795 After revolt, Austria, Prussia, Russia. divide remainder.

Politburo. 1917~. Soviet governing body, arm of Communist Party. Abolished by Stalin 1952-66.

Pompidou Centre. Beaubourg. 1972-7. Architects: Rogers and Piano. Paris modernistic art and activity center.

Pont de la Concorde. Paris. Built 1787-91 from stones of Bastille so people could forever trample ruins.

Pont Neuf. 1578-1607. Oldest surviving Paris bridge.

Pont Notre-Dame. Originally the Great Bridge in Roman Paris. Rebuilt in 1413 by Normans. First numbered houses in Paris.

Poor Laws. 1597, 1601, 1834. British parishes to aid poor, establish workhouses, abolish slavery. Replaced 1930-50.

Pop Art. 1950-. Movement drawing from popular culture. Warhol. Lichtenstein.

Popular Fronts. 1930s. Political coalitions of opposing parties vs Fascists in France, Spain.

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