Asiento. 1517-1750. Monopoly contracts to supply slaves to Spanish colonies.

Athanasius, St. c296-373. Bishop of Alexandria: advocated Doctine of Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Ghost) vs divinity of Christ. Council of Nicaea.

Atlantic Cable. 1866. Telegraphic link between North America and Europe.

Atropos. Fate of the inevitable, cut the string of life.

Auden, W.H. 1907-73. English/US poet/opera librettist. The Rake’s Progress 1951.

Augustine, St. 354-430. Author of Confessions, City of God. Bishop of Hippo. “God is omnipotent.” Introduced Neoplatonic Determinism to Christianity. Church should rule state.

Augustine of Canterbury, St. -c605. Apostle of England 597. First Archbishop of Canterbury 601. Converted King Ethelbert of Kent.

Aurelian. 214-75. Roman Emperor 270-. Restored rule of Europe. Began wall around Rome.

Australopithecus. Hominid ancestor to man, discovered in Africa. Lived 1 to 5 million years ago.

Austro-Turkish War. 1682-99. Siege of Vienna. Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I drives Turks from Hungary.

Averroës, Ibn Rushd. 1126-98. Arab philosopher: eternity of creation, universal shared consciousness.

Avicenna, Ali ibn-Sina. 980-1037. Arab physician, philosopher: Canon of Medicine.

Avignon Papacy. 1309-77. Popes from Clement V based in Avignon, France. Great Schism.

Axis Pact. 1936-45. German-Italian Agreement, 1936. Cooperative alliance maintained through WWII. Allied with Spain, 1939; Japan, 1936. Yugoslavia 1941. Tripartite Pact.

Bach, C.P.E. 1714-88. 3d son of JS. Developed sonata and symphonic forms. Influential Essay on Keyboard 1774.

Bacon, Francis. 1561-1626. English chancellor and philosopher. First king’s counsel. Favoured inductive over deductive reasoning. Separated Science from religion. New Atlantis 1625. B. Scientific method: Novum Organum 1620. Essays 1625.

Bacon, Roger. 1214-94. English Franciscan monk. Advocated scientific experiment, observation. Alchemist. Formulated gunpowder. Magnifying glass 1250. Opus Majus 1266.Telescope.

Badoglio, Pietro. 1871-1956. Italian. Conquered Ethiopia 1936. Arranged 1943 armistice. Prime Minister 1943-44.

Bahamas. Arawak. 1492 Columbus. 1646 English colonize. 1782-3 Spain. 1973 Independent.

Bain, Alexander. 1818-1903. Scottish pragmatist philosopher, psychologist. Logic 1870.

Balaam. Biblical prophet. Blessed Israelites after ass rebuked him.

Baldwin, Stanley. 1867-1947. British Conservative Prime Minister. 1923~37. General Strike. Opposed rearmament. “Safety First”.

Balfour, Arthur. 1848-1930. British Prime Minister 1902-5. Opposed Irish Home Rule. Balfour Declaration.

Balkan Wars. 1912-13. Balkan League defeats Ottoman Empire. Turkish territory distributed. General dissatisfaction termed the “powder keg of Europe”.

Bandung Conference. 1955. 29 Asian and African countries oppose colonialism, promote peace.

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