Lothair. 835-69. King of Lotharingia, 855. Disputes with Pope over annulment of his marriage.

Lotus Eaters. African peoples of Odyssey who were forgetful and idle.

Louis IV. c1283-1347. German king 1314-. Holy Roman Emperor, 1328-. German electors overrule Pope to make him Emperor.

Louis XII. Father of the People. 1462-1515. French King 1498-. Italian Wars.

Loyola, St. Ignatius. 1491-1556. Spanish soldier, founder of ascetic Jesuit Order, army of God working directly for the Pope. Spiritual Exercises 1548.

Luddites. 1811-16. Workers who destroyed machines to stop the Industrial Revolution. Led by mythical Ned Ludd.

Lully, J-B. 1632-87. Composer who developed French Opera overture styles. Armide 1686.

Luna, Pedro de. = Antipope Benedict XIII.

Lunéville, Treaty. 1801. Austria quit French Revolutionary War. Pope Pius VII restored.

Luther, Martin. 1483-1546. German Christian reformer opposed to indulgences. Wittenberg. -’Even if heaven and hell do not exist, education is important’ Justification by faith alone. Melanchthon. 95 Theses 1517. Treatise on Christian Liberty. New Testament translated to vernacular 1522. Catechisms 1529. Canticles 1533. Excommunicated 1520, burns Papal Bull. Choral composer: moral effects of music.

Lutuli, Albert. 1898-1967. African Zulu chief. Pacifist ANC President 1952-. Let My People Go 1962.

Lycurgus. c390-324BC.Led short revival of Athens after Peloponnesian War.

Lysander. -395BC. Spartan admiral. Captured Athens 404BC. Ended Peloponnesian War.

Maastricht, Treaty. 1993. Established European Union. Common citizenship, currency and free trade.

Macready, William. 1793-1873. English actor. Rivalry with Forrest caused NY Opera House Riot, 1849.

Macrobius. c400. Latin philosopher. Saturnalia.

Madras Mutiny. 1809. European officers vs British East India Co.

Magyars. Finno-Urgic peoples of Asia who settled Hungary.

Maimonides, Moses of Cordova. 1135-1204. Jewish philosopher. Mishneh Torah 1168. Guide for the Perplexed 1180.

Makarios III. 1913-77. Orthodox archbishop. Pro-Greek Cyprus president 1959-.

Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1884-1942. Polish. Founded social anthropology.

Malpighi, Marcello. 1628-94. Italian physician. Early microscopic anatomy. Malpighi skin layer.

Malta. c800BC Phoenecia...Carthage. 218BC Rome. 5C Vandal/ Goth. 6C Byzantine. 870 Arab. 1090 Sicily. 1530 Knights of St. John. 1798 French. 1814 British. 1964 Indepependent. 1974 Republic. Population awarded George Cross 1942.

Malthus, Thomas. 1766-1834. English economist, warned population would exceed food supply. Essay on Population 1798.

Manfred. 1232-66. Sicilian king 1258-. Opposed papal authority.

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