Ingersoll, Robert. 1833-99. US agnostic philosopher, orator.

Innocent II. -1143. Pope 1130-. Fled Rome, 1130-8. Lateran Council.

Innocent III. c1160-1216. Pope 1198-. Peak power of papacy. Fourth Crusade. Authorized incorporation of University of Paris 1215. Placed Inquisition under Franciscans and Dominicans. Crowned Frederick II.

Innocent VIII. 1432-92. Pope 1484-. Authorized Inquisition against witchcraft 1484.

Innocent XI. 1611-89. Pope 1676-. 4 Articles on Gallicanism, 1673.

Instruction. 1767. Catherine the Great’s proposal for liberal humanitarian legal reform.

Instrument of Government. 1653-7. First written constitution in Europe. Established Protectorate in England. Humble Petition.

International. 1920-. Style of architecture. Glass and steel. Gropius. Le Corbusier.

International Brigades. 1936-9. 60,000 volunteers who opposed Franco in Spanish Civil War.

Investiture Controversy. 1075-1122. Gregory VII abolished Holy Roman Emperor’s power to invest bishops. Led to war with Henry IV. Concordat of Worms.

Ionian School. 6C BC. Greek philosophers. Thales. Araximanedes. Diogenes. Explained phenomena in terms of physical forces.

Iraq. Mesopotamia. 1920 British mandate. 1921 Kingdom = Iraq. 1932 Independent. 1958 Arab Federation 1958 Left-wing coup, Republic. 1963 Anti-Communist coup. 1979 Hussein dictator. 1990 Kuwait Invasion.

Irenaeus, St. c125-202. French theologian. Opposed Gnostics. Against Heresies 180.

Irene. 752-803. Byzantine regent for Constantine VI 780-790. Deposed him...empress 797-. Iconophile.

Irish Potato Famine. 1845-51. Blight kills crop. 1M die. Emmigration to North America. Resentment of English.

Irish Republican Army. IRA. 1919-. For a unified independent Ireland by terrorism (Provisional Wing) or by democratic means (Officials). Opposed Allies in WWII. Terrorism 1921-40, 1969-. Outlawed in Eire 1930, 36, 74. Sinn Fein.

Iron Age. 1200BC. Hittites begin to use iron for tools and weapons. 1000BC Europe. 600BC China.

Iron Curtain. 1946. Churchill’s name for Russia’s increasing influence in Eastern Europe. Dining à la Russe refers to carving being done behind an iron screen.

Irrationalism. 19C. Philosophy stressing instinct over reason. Schopenhauer.

Isabella I. 1451-1504. Queen of Castile. Financed Columbus. United Spain by marrying Ferdinand II. Inquisition.

Isaiah. 8C BC. Hebrew prophet of the Messiah.

Isaurians. Bellicose peoples of Anatolia defeated by Servilius 76BC.

Isherwood, Christopher. 1904-86. English novelist/playwright. Goodbye to Berlin 1939.

Isidore of Seville, St. 560-636. Spanish bishop, encyclopedist. Etymologiae. De Natura Rerum.

Islam. =Muhammadism. 7C-. Monotheistic religion based on Koran. 1/6 of world’s population, especially north Africa, Middle East, SW Asia. Sunni. Shi’ite. Caliphate Empire.

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