Italian East Africa. 1936-41. Italian colonies in Africa. Ethiopia, Eritrea, Italian Somaliland.

Italo-Ethiopian War. 1935-6. Italy conquers Ethiopia. Demonstrated League of Nations ineffectiveness.

Jackson, Andrew. 1767-1845. US President 1829-37. General 1812-18. Opposed tarrifs. Retired public debt 1835. Spoils system. Universal white male suffrage. Kitchen Cabinet. New Orleans.

Jamaica. Arawak. 1494 Columbus discovers. 1509 Spanish. 1655 British. 1959 Self-government. 1962 Independent.

James, William. 1842-1910. US Pragmatic philosopher. Radical Empiricism. Principles of Psychology 1890. Will to Believe 1897.

Janácek, Leos. 1854-1928. Czech folk-influenced opera composer. Jenufa 1904.

Jansenism. 1640-1730. Sought return to severity of Augustine. Opposed Jesuits. Gallicanism. Arnauld. Suppressed by Louis XIV. Pascal. Quesnel.

Janssen, Zacharias. 1580-1638. Dutch. Compound microscope 1590.

Japan. 660BC Empire founded by legendary Jimmu. 5C AD First unified state. c552 Buddhism. 1192 First Shogun ruler. 1543 European contact (Portugal). 1639 Isolation. 1868 Meiji restoration. 1945-52 Allies occupy. 1947 Constitutional monarchy.

Jaques-Dalcroze, Émile. 1865-1950. Swiss composer. Developed Eurhythmics 1905.

Jaspers, Karl. 1883-1969. German Existential philosopher. Philosophie 1932.

Jeffersonian Republicans. 1790-. US First opposition party. Advocated limited government vs Federalists.

Jeremiah. c650-570BC. Old Testament Hebrew prophet.

Jesuit Estates Act. 1888. Quebec awards restitution to Jesuits for British land appropriation 1773.

Jesuit Order. Society of Jesus.1534-. Founded by Loyola. Vows of poverty, chastity, and perfect obedience to Pope. Missionary and educational work. Dissolved 1773; restored 1814.

Jesus. c6BC-c30. Jewish prophet, believed by Christians to be the Messiah, son of God. Crucified. Resurrected. Life and death were inspiration for Christianity.

Joad, CEM. 1891-1953. British pacifist agnostic Rationalist philosopher. Vitalism. Guide to Philosophy 1936.

Joan, Pope. Legendary female pontiff 855-8.

John VIII. -882. Pope 872-. Paid Saracens for protection. Slavs allowed liturgy in Slavic.

John XX. Non-existent pope due to miscount by John XXI.

John XXII. 1244-1334. Pope 1316-. Avignon. Condemned Franciscans. Imprisoned antipope Nicholas V.

John of Damascus, St. 675-749. Syrian Iconophile. Source of Knowledge 743.

John Paul II. 1920-. Poland. Authoritarian conservative pope 1978-. Wounded 1981 by Islamic fanatic. Most trips. More canonization than previous popes combined.

Johns, Jasper. 1930-. US Pop artist. Painted Bronze 1960 (2 beer cans).

Jonah. Hebrew prophet who spent three days in the stomach of a whale.

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