Gwyn, Nell. 1650-87. English actress. Popular mistress of Charles II 1669-.

Gypsies. 16C-. Nomadic peoples with Romany language. Probable Indian origin.

Hagia Sophia. 531-7. Constantinople church. 1453- Mosque. 1927- Museum. = St. Sophia.

Hahnemann, Samuel. 1755-1843. German founder of homeopathy 1810.

Haile Selassie. 1892-1975. Emperor of Ethiopia, 1930~74. Modernized and reformed country. Deposed.

Haiti. Arawak. 1492 Columbus discovers. 16-18C Slaves brought. 1697 Spain cedes to France 1804 Independent. 1915-34 US occupies. 1957-86 Duvalier dictators. 1994 US overthrow of military regime. 1972-2002 US returns refugee boat-people.

Hamilton, William Rowan. 1805-65. Irish mathematician. Unification of optics and dynamics. Quaternion Theory.

Hand, Learned. 1872-1961. US jurist. Alcoa Antitrust case. Monopoly unlawful. No duty not to minimize one’s taxes 1947.

Handel, George Frideric. 1685-1759. German/ English composer of oratorio, Italian opera. Peak of polyphonic music. Water Music 1717. Messiah 1741. Music for Royal Fireworks 1749.

Hanover, Treaty. 1725. England, France, Prussia oppose Vienna Treaty.

Hanseatic League. 1241-1669. Confederation of N German towns. Dominated N European trade 13-15C.

Harrington, James. 1611-77. English idealist utopian writer. Oceana 1656.

Harris Treaty. 1858. Japan-US trade opened.

Harrison, Frederic. 1831-1923. English Positivist: Philosophy of Common Sense 1907.

Haskala. 18-19C Cultural movement to move European Jews from ghettos into mainstream.

Haussman. Baron. 1809-91. Parisian town plan, 1852. Opera House. Bois de Boulogne.

Hedonism. Philosophy of human pleasure.

Hegel, G.W.F. 1770-1831. German Idealist philosopher: Dialectical Reasoning: thesis vs antithesis = synthesis. Dialectical Materialism. “Universe is evolving from first cause toward self awareness and freedom. In man, God becomes aware of Himself”. Phenomenology 1806. Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1817. Philosophy of History 1830.

Heidegger, Martin. 1889-1976. German Existentialist philosopher. Being and Time 1927.

Helen of Troy. Greek wife of Menelaus. Eloped with Paris to Troy causing Trojan War.

Heliocentricity. Revolution of the earth around the sun. Once considered heretical. Galileo. Copernicus.

Heliopolis. 1800. Egyptian battle. Kléber defeats Mameluks. Original site of Cleopatra’s Needles.

Hellenistic Art. c330-50BC. Cosmopolitan culturally diverse period of Alexander’s empire. Sensual, emotional sculpture. Dying Gaul. Laocoön.

Helsinki Accords. 1975. Human rights, freedom, co-operation. Reduced East-West tensions.

Helvetic Confessions. 1636,62. Swiss Reform church doctrines. 2nd widely adopted.

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