Antigua. Carib. 1493 Columbus discovers. 1632 English settle. 18C slave trade. 1958-62 West Indies Federation. 1967 Self-government. 1981 Independent +Barbuda.

Antipope. Elected in opposition to existing pope. Schism.

Antisthenes. c445-365BC. Greek philosopher. Founder of Cynics.

Antony, Mark. c83-30BC. Caesar’s lieutenant. Triumvirate 43-32. Defeated at Actium with Cleopatra. Suicide.

Antophon. c480-411BC. Athenian. First prof. orator.

Anvil, Operation. 1944. Allied invasion of south France.

Apollo. Greek/Roman perfection of male beauty, god of prophecy, song and music.

Apollo Program. 1961-72. US moon mission. Apollo 11 landing 1969.

Appeasement Policy. 1937-9. British yield to Nazi demands in hope of maintaining peace. Munich Agreement. Gentleman’s Agreement.

Aquila Ponticus. 2C. Translated Old Testament from Hebrew to Greek. Version adopted by Jews.

Arab League. 1945. Non-aggression and cooperation treaty of Arab states. Collective Treaty of Defence, 1950, to defend against Israeli aggression.

Arai Hakuseki. 1657-1725. Japanese Confucian philosopher, statesman, historian.

Aramaeans. Ancient Semitic people of Mesopotamia, Syria. Language widespread 10C-5C BC. Alphabet 720 BC.

Arcadia. Ancient Greek region of Peloponnesus. Megalopolis.

Archidamian War. 431-421BC. Peloponnesian War.

Areopagus. Athenian council of elders.

Aretino, Pietro. 1492-1556. Italian satirical poet.

Argos. Greek city-state. Dominated Peloponnesus 7C BC.

Aristarchus. 310-230BC. Samos. First to postulate sun as center of solar system. Accused of impiety. Copernicus.

Aristippus. 435-366BC. Cyrenaic philosopher: Man’s goal should be pleasure. Good=pleasant.

Aristophanes. c450-388BC. Athenian poet and satirical dramatist: The Clouds 423, The Birds 414. Lysistrata.

Aristotle. 384-322BC. Greek philosopher, founder of Peripatetics: Unified theory of knowledge. Matter, potentially alive, strives to attain its living form. Stressed observation and logic. Deductive Reasoning. Free Will.

Arne, Thomas. 1710-78. English composer: Rule Britannia 1740. Operas.

Arsacids. 247BC-224 AD. Parthian dynasty ruling Persia and Mesopotamia. Def by Sassanians.

Aryans. 2000BC. Nomads from Steppes spread to India. Founded Indus Civilization, 3240-2750BC. Hyksos Empire in Syria, 1720-1550BC. Introduced horse chariots. Basis for all Indo-European languages.

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