Gorgias. c400BC. Sophist. “Making the losing cause the winning one.”

Gothic Architecture. 12-15C. Began with French cathedrals and spread over N Europe. Pointed arches, rib vaulting, flying buttresses. Stability achieved with balance rather than mass. Airy lightness. St. Denis 1140. Notre Dame Cathedral. Tudor.

Goths. Germanic people of S Scandinavia. Invaded Europe, 3-4C. Visigoths and Ostrogoths.

Gräfe, Albrecht. 1828-70. German ophthalmologist. Glaucoma, 1857. Cataract treatment, 1867.

Granados, Enrique. 1867-1916. Spanish Nationalist composer. 7 Operas. Set of Tonadillas. Dances. Goyescas 1911-13.

Granger Movement. 19C. US farmers’ co-ops, political lobbies.

Great Schism. 1054. East-West Schism. 1378-1417. Period of rival Popes in Rome, Avignon, following Avignon Papacy.

Greek Fire. 648. Byzantine secret weapon. Flammable substance that ignited on contact with water invented by Callinicus of Heliopolis.

Greek Independence, War. 1821-29. Greek rebels, plus England, France, Russia defeat Turkey and Egypt. London Treaty. Otto I. Constantinople Treaty, 1832....End of Holy Alliance.

Green Revolution. 20C. Increased food production in developing countries based on new plant breeds. Borlaug.

Gregorian Calendar. 1582. 11 Day correction and addition of non-leap centuries to Julian Calendar. Adopted 1752 England, 1918 Russia.

Gregory I, St. Benedictine Pope 590-604. Developed Plainsong, Gregorian chant. Sent Augustine to Canterbury.

Gregory VII (Hildebrand), St. 1020-85. Pope 1073-. Condemned lay investiture 1075. Henry IV appoints Anti-Pope Clement III, attacked Rome, 1081-3.

Gregory IX. -1241. Pope 1227-. Organized Inquisition 1231.

Gregory XI. 1329-78. Pope 1370-. Moved Papacy back to Rome from Avignon.

Gregory XIII. 1502-85. Pope 1572-. Gregorian calendar.

Gregory of Tours, St. c538-94. French bishop. Wrote History of the Franks.

Grenada. 1498 Columbus discovers. 1651 French colony. 1763 English. 1876 Crown Colony. 1958 Fed of West Indies. 1967 Self-government. 1983 US invades to prevent Marxist insurrection.

Gretna Green. 1754-1940. Scottish border village popular for runaway marriages.

Gropius, Walter. 1883-1969. German architect. Bauhaus director. Modern horizontal buildings, glass walls.

Guernica. Spanish Basque capital bombed by Germans for Franco, 1937. Euzkadi. Picasso. Spanish Civil War.

Guilds. 11C-. Associations of merchants and craftsmen creating monopolistic protection.

Gurkhas. Nepal peoples. Fierce British fighting group 1947-.

Guthrie, Woody. 1912-67. Populist US singer. This Land is Your Land.

Guyana. Arawak, Carib, Warrau. 1498 Columbus discovers. 16C Dutch settle. 1814 Britain. 1831 Colony =British Guiana. 1966 Independent =Guyana. 1970 Republic.

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