Eisenhower, Dwight D. 1890-1969. Commander-in-Chief of Allied Armies in Europe 1943-5. US president 1953-61.

Eleatics. 5C BC. Greek philosophers. Change is an illusion. Zeno. Xenophanes.

Eli. Jewish prophet. 8C BC.

Elija. 9C BC. Hebrew prophet. Ended worship of Baal.

Elisha. 9C BC. Hebrew prophet. Followed Elija.

Empedocles. c500-430BC. Greek philosopher. Heart is seat of life. Matter is fire, air, earth, water.

Empiricism. Philosophy maintaining that all valid human knowledge is gained from experience.

Enclosure. Land divided, fenced for better yield, causing hardships for smaller farmers, peasants. English 15-16, 18-19C, Europe 18-20C.

Encyclical, Papal. Letter from Pope to RC Church.

Encyclopédists. 1751-72. Group who wrote encyclopaedia under Diderot. Voltaire, Helvetius, D’Alembert. As sceptics, they popularized social ideas which led to the French Revolution.

Engels, Friedrich. 1820-95. German socialist philosopher. Communist Manifesto 1848. Marx. Coined “Industrial Revolution” 1845. Finished Das Kapital 1894.

Enola Gay. US plane which dropped H-bomb on Hiroshima, 1945.

Entente Cordiale. 1904. Anglo-French agreement. Defined spheres of influence in Africa and Pacific allowing co-operation vs Germany.

Ephesus, Council. 431. Nestor debates Cyril. Monophysitism adopted.

Epictetus. 1 C. Stoic ex-slave, philosopher.

Episcopalianism. Church government by bishops.

Erasmus, Desiderius. c1466-1536. Dutch Humanist ecclesiastic reform writer. Published first New Testament based on Greek, 1516. Reason over ignorance and superstition. Opposed Luther. Praise of Folly. Enchiridion: Christ requires of us nothing but a pure and sincere life.

Eratosthenes. c276-194BC. Alexandrian mathematician, philosopher. Measured earth’s circumference, tilt of axis. World map 220BC.

Erechtheum. 5C BC. Ionic temple on Athenian acropolis.

Erechtheus. King, raised by Athena. First temple on Athens Acropolis. Later deified.

Erfurt Parliament. 1850. Austrian opposition causes withdrawal of Prussian plan for German Unification.

Ericsson, John. 1803-89. Swedish/US. Invented screw propeller, designed Monitor.

Eritrea. 2-9C Aksumite (Ethiopian) Empire. 16C Ottoman. 17-19C Dispute. 1889 Italy. 1941 Britain. 1952 Autonomous within Ethiopian Empire. 1962 Ethiopian province. 1993 Independent.

Escher, M.C. 1898-1971. Dutch graphic artist. Optical illusion, surrealistic effects.

Ethiopia. c1000BC Semite. 1C Aksumite Kingdom. 10C Zagwe dynasty. 1270 Solomonic dynasty. 17C Divided. 1855 Re-united. 1935 Italy (Italian East Africa). 1941 Independent. 1952 +Eritrea. 1974 Coup, Republic. 1993 -Eritrea.

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