Defender of the Faith. 1521. Title conferred by Pope Leo X on Henry VIII. Withdrawn after Act of Supremacy. Reconfirmed by Parliament, 1544 for all succeeding monarchs.

Delcassé, Théophile. 1852-1923. French statesman. Fashoda. Anglo-French Entente. Treaty of London.

DeLeon, Daniel. 1852-1914. US Marxist. Founded IWW. Editor The People.

Delibes, Leo. 1836-91. French ballet composer: Coppélia 1870.

Delius, Frederick. 1862-1934. English/French Impressionist opera composer. Tone poems.

Demagogue. In Greece, leader popular with masses. Now, a politician who plays on popular passions for personal gain.

Demarcation Bull. 1493. Pope Alexander VI divides New World between Portugal/Spain. Tordesillas.

Democracy. Government based on rule by the people.

Democratic Centralists. 1919-27. Russian Communists opposed to authoritarianism and bureaucracy.

Democratic Party. 1792-. Major US political party. Liberalism, populism vs big business.

Democritus. c460-c370BC. Greek philosopher. Atomic theory of matter. Separate mind. Man’s goal is happiness and tranquility.

Demosthenes. 384-322BC. Greek orator and politician. Opposed Philip of Macedon. Philippics. Led unsuccessful revolt. Suicide.

Deng Xiaoping. 1902-97. Chinese Communist leader 1973~. Purged by Mao, rehabilitated. Tiananmen.

Denis, St. -250. Patron St. of France, martyred first bishop of Paris. Carried his head to St-Denis Abbey.

Depression, Great. 1929-34. Speculation, shortage of capital, tarrifs led to unemployment, European move to right, totalitarianism.

Descartes, René. 1596-1650. French Rationalist philosopher, physician, mathematician. Cartesian coordinates. Discourse on Method 1637. “Cogito ergo sum”-I think, therefore I am. Analytical Geometry 1636. Meditations 1641. Principia Philosophica 1645.

Dewey, John. 1859-1952. US Pragmatist philosopher. -’It is in society’s interest that an individual develop and exercise his talents’. Studies in Logical Theory 1903.

Diaz, Bartolomeu. c1450-1500. Portuguese. First to sail around the Cape of Good Hope in 1487/8.

Dickens, Charles. 1812-1870. English popular humanitarian writer and social critic. Created original, colorful memorable characters. Pickwick Papers 1837. Oliver Twist 1838. Christmas Carol 1843. David Copperfield 1850. Great Expectations 1861.

Diderot, Denis. 1713-84. French writer, editor of Encyclopédie 1745-72 based on Chambers’. Rameau’s nephew.

Diogenes (The Cynic). c413-327BC. Greek philosopher. Cynic. Looked for an honest man. Declined gifts of Alexander the Great. Lived in a tub. Sought virtue and moral freedom.

Diophantus. 3C. Greek mathematician. Arithmetica First algebra text.

Disestablishment Acts. 1869, 1920 End Roman Catholic obligations to fund Episcopal Church of Ireland, Wales.

Dittersdorf, Karl von. 1739-99. Viennese light opera composer. Singspiel.

Dogen. 1200-53. Japanese philosopher. Brought Zen sect from China.

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