Cinematography. 1889 Edison kinetoscope. 1895 Lumière Cinematographe. 1906 Color. 1928 Talky. 1929 Technicolor.

Cinq-Mars, Marquis de. 1620-42. Opponent of Richelieu, beheaded.

Clarendon Constitution. 1164. Henry II limits church power in England. Opposed by Becket.

Classical Music. ~1750-1820. Development of sonata, symphony, string quartet. Mozart. Beethoven. Haydn.

Clausius, Rudolph. 1822-88. German physicist. Entropy.

Clear Grits Movement. 1848-51. Canadian political movement for representation by population.

Clement III. Antipope 1080-1100 appointed by Henry IV. Defeated Rome 1084.

Clement V. Pope 1305-14. Moved papacy to Avignon. Dissolved Knights Templar 1312. Prohibited usury.

Clement VII. Antipope 1378-94. Avignon. Election caused Great Schism.

Clement VII. Pope 1523-34. Refused Henry VIII divorce.

Clement VIII. Antipope 1423-29. Ended Great Schism.

Cleon. -422BC. Athenian leader; advocated Pelop. War.

Cleopatra VII. 69-30BC. Queen of Egypt, lover of Caesar and Antony. Suicide.

Cleopatra’s Needles. c1500BC Thutmose III. Gift of Egypt to Britain, US. Erected London 1878, NY 1881.

Clermont Council. 1095. Proposed first Crusade.

Club of Rome. Published 1972 Limits to Growth showing the dangers of overpopulation.

Coalition, Wars of. 1792-1815. European powers oppose France’s revolutionary ideas and expansion. French Revolutionary Wars. Napoleonic Wars. Third Coalition War.

Cockerell, Christopher. 1910-99. English hovercraft inventor 1955.

Cocoa. 1494 brought to Europe by Columbus.

Coffee. 16/17C to Europe. 1650 Oxford. First coffee house.

Colombia. 1502. Columbus discovers. 1538 Spain 1819 Gran Colombia. 1830 Colombia. 1946-64 La Violencia.

Colombo Plan. 1951-77. Commonwealth plan to improve living conditions in SE Asia, check spread of communism.

Columbus, Christopher. 1446-1506. Genoese navigator for Spain. Discovered America, 1492. Pinzon.

Comic Opera. 18C revolt vs serious opera. Light style, familiar scenes. Italy: opera buffa; Fr: opéra comique; Eng: ballad opera; Ger: singspiel. Orig as intermezzo for opera.

COMINFORM. Communist Information Bureau. 1947-56. Coordinated European party activities.

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