Alembert, Jean Le Rand d’. 1717-83. French philosopher and mathematician, Encyclopaedist.

Alexander III. Pope 1159-81. Instituted papal conclave to elect popes 1179.

Alexander VI. Pope. Demarcation Bull 1493 divided newly discovered land between Spain, Portugal. Tordesillas.

Alexander of Hales. -1245. English Franciscan Aristotelian philosopher, theologian. Summa Theologia 1246.

Alphabet. 1500BC. Semitic invention developed through mnemonic, pictorial, ideographic, and phonetic stages.

Alpini, Prospero. 1553-1616. Italian physician. Introduced coffee and bananas to Europe.

Alvarado, Pedro de. c1486-1541. Spanish conquerer of Guatemala and El Salvador. Conquistador to Mexico.

Amadeus VIII. Antipope Felix V 1439-49.

Ambrose, St. c340-397. Bishop of Milan. Introduced Plainsong (chant) into church music.

America’s Cup. 1851. Royal Yacht Squadron race won by Americans until 1983. Oldest international sports trophy.

Amritsar Riot. 1919. British Dyer opens fire on unarmed Indians. 379 dead. 1200 injured.

Anarchism. 19C Philosophy: “Every man should be his own government, his own law, his own church”-Owen. Thoreau’s return to nature, passive resistance, and no taxes influenced Ghandi. Proudhon. Tolstoy. Godwin.

Anarchism, Communistic. Marxist revolutionary version of anarchism that seeks to overthrow the state. Bakunin. Kropotkin. Assassinated: Sadi-Carnot, Empress Elizabeth, Umberto I, McKinley.

Anaxagoras. c500-428BC. Ionian rational philosopher. Mind can move matter. Eclipses.

Anaximander. c611-547BC. Miletan (Greek) philosopher. First Greek maps. Attempted systematic explanation of Universe. Named zodiac signs 560BC.

Anaximenes. -c570BC. Miletan (Gr) philosopher: quantitive differences of substances. All matter is air.

Andorra. Ibericbasc. Greeks/Carthaginians/Romans/Visigoths 8C Muslim. 803 Charlemagne. 1133 Bishop of Urgell. 1159 Fiefdom of Foix. 1278- Principality under joint French, Spanish suzerainty. 1993 Constitution. Coprincipality.

Andromeda. Ethiopian wife of Perseus.

Andropov, Yuri. 1914-84. Soviet chief of state, 1984: advocated efficiency.

Angström, Anders. 1814-74. Swedish physicist: discovered spectroscopy 1853.

Annates. Proportion of first year’s income paid to Pope by office holders.

Anselm, St. 1033-1109. Archbishop of Canterbury, founder of Scholasticism. Proved God exists 1078.

Anthony, St. 1195-1231. Franciscan, protector of common people.

Anthroposophy. Human power to contact spiritual world. Steiner.

Anti-Comintern Pact. 1936. Germany and Japan oppose International Communism. Axis.

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