Luxembourg. 1C BC Rome. 459 Franks. 963 Independent county «Holy Roman Empire. 1354 Duchy. 1443 Burgundy. 1472~1795 Hapsburg. 1555 Spanish. 1684 French. 1697 Spanish. 1714 Austrian. 1795 French. 1815 Dutch «German Confederation. 1839 Belgian(W)/Autonomous. 1867 Independent neutral. 1914-18, 1940-44 German occupation. 1948 Neutrality ends.

Luxemburg, Rosa. 1871-1919. German revolutionary theoritician, agitator. Founded Spartacus Party.

Lydia. -700BC Maeonia. 546BC Persia. 133 Rome. First coins 7C BC.

Lysenko, Trofim. 1898-1976. Russian biologist. Forced outdated Lamarck genetics on Agriculture Academy holding back Russian progress.

Lysimachus. 385-281BC. Alexander’s General. Macedonia satrap 323-.

Lysippus. 4C BC. Greek sculptor. Revised ideal human form-slender with smaller head.

Maastricht, Treaty. 1993. Established European Union. Common citizenship, currency and free trade.

Mabillon, Jean. 1632-1707. French Benedictine scholar. Science of diplomatics. De re diplomatica 1681.

MacAlpin. Kenneth I. -858. First King of Scots and Picts.

Macao. 1557 Portuguese settle. 1849 Free port. 1887 Treaty confirms Portugal rule.

MacArthur, Douglas. 1880-1964. US Pacific Allied commander, WWII. Commanded Japanese occupation. Led UN forces in Korean War.

Macaulay, Thomas. 1800-59. British politician, writer. Essays 1843. History of England 1849-61 the “Whig interpretation of history”.

Macbeth. -1057. Scottish king 1040-. Killed, succeeded Duncan. Killed by Duncan’s son, Malcolm.

MacBride, Seán. 1904-88. Irish statesman. Founded Republican Party 1946. Foreign minister 1948-1951. Founder, chairman 1961-75 Amnesty International. Assistant UN Secretary General.

Maccabees. -63BC Jewish family. Led revolt vs Seleucids 168BC. Reconsecrated Temple of Jerusalem.

MacDonald, Flora. 1722-90. Scottish Jacobite. Aided Prince Charles after Culloden defeat.

MacDonald, John A. 1815-91. Key to British North America Act, Conservative. First Prime Minister of Canada 1867~91. Pacific Railway.

MacDonald, Ramsay. 1866-1937. First British Labour Prime Minister 1924~35.

Macdonough, Thomas. 1783-1825. Defeated British in Lake Champlain naval battle 1814.

MacDowell, Edward. 1860-1908. US piano composer. Symphonic poems. Saracens 1891.

Macedonia. Greek tribes. 700BC united. 490 Persia. 479 Independent. 359 Philip. 336 Empire. Alexander. 168BC Rome...395 Byzantine Empire 6C Slav. 9C Bulgar. 11C Byzantine. 14C Ottoman. 1878 Independent. 1879 Ottoman. 1913 Greece/ Bulgaria/ Serbia. 1929 Yugoslavia. 1991 Independent.

Macedonian Wars. 214~148BC. 4 Wars vs Rome reduced Macedonia to Roman province.

Macedonianism. 360. Christian heresy. Holy Ghost subordinate to Father and Son.

Mach, Ernest. 1838-1916. Founded Scientific Positivism 1905. Relates physics and psychology. Vienna Circle.

Machado de Assis, Joaquim. 1839-1908. Brazilian writer. Small Winner 1881.

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