Laplace, Pierre. 1749-1827. French mathematician, astronomer. Celestial mechanics 1779-1825. Solar system origin from condensed gas.

Lapse, Doctrine of. British East India Company claimed control of any state where direct royal line ended causing Indian Mutiny 1857. Dalhousie.

Lares. Roman gods of households and fields.

LaRochefoucauld, Francois. 1613-80. French epigramist, moralist. Memoires and Maxims 1665-78.

Lassalle, Ferdinand. 1825-64. German Socialist. 1848 Revolutionary Movement.

Lassus, Roland de. 1531-94. Composer of masses, madrigals in Franco-Belgian style.

Lateran Councils. Roman Catholic church councils. 1123,39 vs Schism of Arnold of Brescia. 1179 Crusade vs Albigens. 1215 Crusade. 1512-17 Reform.

Latimer, Hugh. 1485-1555. English Protestant Reformation churchman. Executed by Mary I.

Latins. Latium tribe. Includes Romans.

La Tour, Maurice de. 1704-88. French portraitist. Influenced by Caravaggio.

La Trémoille, Georges de. 1382-1446. French nobleman. Obstructed Joan of Arc.

Latvia. 9C Varangian. 1158 Teutonic Knights. 1561 Poland(S). 1629 Sweden(N). 1721 Russian(N)...1795 Russian(all). 1918 Independent republic. 1934 Ulmanis dictator. 1940 USSR. 1941-45 German occupation. 1991 Independent.

Lauderdale, John. 1616-82. Scottish statesman. Cabal Ministry. Repressive rule of Scotland.

Laudon, Gideon. 1717-90. Estonian/Austrian Hapsburg field marshal in Seven Years War.

Lausanne, Treaty. 1912. Turkey cedes Tripoli to Italy after Italo-Turkish War. 1932. Ended German WWI reparations despite US rejection.

Laveran, Charles. 1845-1922. French pathologist. Discovered Malaria parasite 1880.

Lawrence, James. 1781-1813. US naval commander in War of 1812. -“Don’t give up the ship!”

Lawrence, St. -258. Martyr with Pope St Sixtus II.

Lawrence, Thomas. 1769-1830. English portrait artist.

Lawrence, Thomas (of Arabia). 1888-1935. English writer, officer. Led Arabs against Turks, 1914-18: Seven Pillars of Wisdom 1926.

League of 3 Emperors. 1872. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia for defence vs France.

League of Nations. 1920-46. Versailles. For everlasting peace. Idea of US, who did not join. Germany 1926-33. Maximum 63 nations. Failed 1931 when Japan attacked Manchuria. USSR expelled1939. Dissolved 1946. Mandates.

Leakey, Louis. 1903-72. British anthropological archeologist. With wife Mary, discovered homo habilis and other ancient humanoid fossils.

Lebanese Crisis. 1958. US Marines intervene in Civil War vs Communists.

Lebanese National Pact. 1943-75. Compromise government of Maronite President, Sunni Prime Minister, Shi’ite Speaker.

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