Lebanon. 25C BC Phoenicia. 6C BC Persia. 332 Alexander. 64BC Rome. 5C Byzantine. 7C Moslems, Maronite Christians. 11C Druse(S). 1516 Ottoman. 1861 Christian autonomy under Ottomans. 1920 French mandate. 1926 Republic under France. 1943 Independent republic. 1975-91 Civil war.

LeBougre, Robert. First Inquisitor of HRE, appointed by Gregory IX 1231.

Lechfeld, Battle. 955. Otto I halts Magyar expansion.

Leclerc, Jacques-Philippe. 1902-47. French WWII resistance leader. Led 1500 mile march to liberate Paris, 1944.

Le Corbusier. 1887-1965. Swiss Functionalist architecht, urbanist. -“A house is a machine to live in”.

Lee, Richard. 1732-94. US Continental Congressman. Opposed Constitution, advocated Bill of Rights.

Lee, Robert E. 1807-70. Brilliant Confederate general. Captured John Brown. Surrender at Appomatox ended Civil War.

Leeuwenhoek, Antony van. 1632-1723. Dutch. First to describe bacteria 1680, protozoa, corpuscles, spermatazoa 1675.

Legendre, Adrien. 1752-1833. French mathematician. Irrationality of pi, 1794. Elliptical integrals, 1786.

Legion. Roman army unit of 4-6,000 men.

Legion of Honour. French national order instituted by Napoleon, 1802. Five ranks: Grands Croix, Grands Officiers, Commandeurs, Officiers, Chevaliers.

Leibniz, Gottfried. 1646-1716. German philosopher, mathematician. Invented differential and integral calculus1675, binary arithmetic 1703. Multiplication machine 1671.

Leipzig, Battle. 1813. Napoleon loses Germany and Poland. 500,000 troops involved.

Leipzig Debate. 1519. Luther vs Eck. Both claim victory.

Leisler’s Rebellon. 1689-91. NY vs Catholic officials.

Lemaître, Georges. 1894-1966. Belgian cosmologist. Big Bang theory of creation 1927.

Le Nain. Antoine, 1588-1648. Louis, 1593-1648. Mathieu, 1607-1677. French brothers, painters. Popular Scenes 1642.

Leningrad, Siege. 1941-44. By Germans. Unsuccessful. 1M died.

Leninism. Applied Dialectical Materialism. World Proletariat Revolution. Dictatorship of the Proletariat, then transition to Communism. Authoritarian conspiratorial elite conscious of imperative of history. “Freedom in discussion-unity in action”.

Leo I, St. 400-461. Pope 440-. Opposed Nestorianism, Manichaeism and other heresies.

Leo III, St. -816. Pope 795-. Crowned Charlemagne recreating Western Roman Empire.

Leonardo da Vinci. 1452-1519. Florentine painter, writer, sculptor, scientist. Prototypical Renaissance Man. Sfumato. Laws of Flight. Adoration of Magi 1479. Last Supper 1495. Mona Lisa 1503. Parachute 1480.

Leopold I. 1790-1865. First King of Belgians 1831-. Maintained neutrality.

Leopold II. 1747-92. Holy Roman Emperor 1790-. “Enlightened despot”. Liberal reforms. Declaration of Pillnitz for absolutism.

Leopold III. 1901-83. King of Belgians 1934-51. German prisoner 1940-5. Abdicated.

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