Nkomo, Joshua. 1917-99. Zimbabwe nationalist. Founded ZAPU.

Nominalism. Philosophy. Abstractions do not exist. Things are their names. Vs Realists. Aristotle. Roscelin. Hobbes.

OAS. Organisation de l’Armée Secrète. 1961-9. Right-wing terrorist anti-Gaullist group founded by Salan. Failed revolt in Algeria 1961.

O’Casey, Sean. 1880-1964. Irish Realist playwright: Juno and the Paycock 1924. Plow and the Stars 1926.

Occam, William. c1280-1349. English Franciscan Nominalist philosopher. “Science is about things, philosophy about terms and concepts”. Occam’s razor: “It is vain to do with more, what can be done with fewer” (Science or Logic). Incompatibility of knowledge and faith, 1332. Opposed Aquinas Aristotelian realism. “Universal ideas exist only in the mind”. Influenced Reformation.

Ochs, Adolph. 1858-1935. US journalist vs Yellow (sensationalist) Journalism. NY Times.

October Revolution. 1917. Bolsheviks, Lenin and Trotsky overthrow Kerensky’s Socialist provisional government in Russian Revolution.

O’Donnell, Leopoldo. 1809-67. Spanish general with Isabella II vs Carlists.

Orwell, George. 1903-50. English satirical novelist and social critic: Animal Farm 1945, 1984 1948.

Owen, Daniel. 1836-95. Welsh novelist.

Owen, Robert. 1771-1858. Welsh socialist. Began utopian cooperatives in England and US. Lanark 1799. Rochdale 1844.

Oxford Movement. 1833-45. Christian Socialist Tractarian movement for return to RC ritual, dogma in Anglican Church.

Pan-Germanism. 1894-1945. German nationalist movement. Nazism.

Papineau, Louis. 1786-1871. French-Canadian nationalist. Led 1837 revolt vs Britain in Lower Canada.

Parnell, Charles. 1846-91. Irish nationalist. Founded Land League.

Patel, Vallabhbhai. 1875-1950. Indian nationalist with Gandhi.

Paulicians. 7-11C. Heretical Gnostic dualistic Christian sect.

Peacock, Thomas. 1785-1866. English witty satirical novelist: Nightmare Abbey.

Pedrell, Felipe. 1841-1922. “Midwife” of Spanish Nationalist music.

Pentecostalism. Protestant fundamentalist mystic sects. Baptism with Holy Spirit gives supernatural gifts, speaking in tongues.

Perpendicular. c1350-1500. English Gothic architecture. Square and heavy materialistic design.

Philistines. 12C BC- Peoples of Palestine defeated by Saul and David 10C BC. Samson.

Pliny the Elder. 23-79. Roman naturalist. Died investigating Vesuvius eruption.Historia Naturalis.

Plutarch. c50-119+. Greek/Roman biographer and moralist. Influenced Rousseau. Parallel Lives.

Poincaré, Raymond. 1860-1934. French president 1913-20, Prime Minister 1912~29. Conservative nationalist. Occupied Ruhr.

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