Conscription. 1793. Carnot devised first compulsory military service for France. Used in Egypt’s Old Kingdom.

Constable, John. 1776-1837. English Naturalist landscape painter. Hay Wain 1821. Valley Farm. Waterloo Bridge 1831.

Constantine XI. -1453. Last Byzantine Emperor 1449-. Died during Turkish siege.

Constitution, US. 1787. Effective 1789. Defines government, liberties, basic laws. Amendments I-X 1791 Bill of Rights. XIII 1865 Abolishes slavery. XVIII 1919 Prohibition. XIX 1920 Women suffrage. XXI 1933 Repeals Prohibition. XXVI 1971 Voting age 18.

Constitutional Convention. 1787. Philadelphia. Amended Articles of Confederation. Constitution.

Consulate. 1799-1804. Napoleon’s military triumvirate after Directory overthrown.

Continental Army. 1775-81. American Revolution army under George Washington.

Continental Congress. 1774-89. US Government until Constitution approved. Proclaimed Declaration of Independence.

Contraceptive Pill. 1952 Available.

Conventice Acts. 1593, 1664-1689. Suppressed dissension in Church of England.

Conway Cabal. 1777 plot to replace Washington with Gates at head of Continental Army.

Cook, James. 1728-79. English explorer. Sailed to Tahiti to see transit of Venus, 1768. Charted New Zealand 1769. Claimed Australia 1770.

Coolie.19C Chinese indentured labourer.

Cooper, James Fenimore. 1789-1851. US adventure writer: Last of Mohicans 1826. Deerslayer 1841.

Copernicus, Nicolaus. 1473-1543. Polish astronomer, who demonstrated planetary motion around sun 1528. De Revolutionibus. Aristarchus. Galileo.

Copland, Aaron. 1900-90. US composer blending Jewish, folk, jazz, and Latin influences into a popular style. Experimented with serial techniques.

Corfu Pact. 1917. Called for creation of Yugoslavia.

Corinthian. Most recent style of Classical Greek Architecture. Acanthus leaves on column capital.

Corn Laws. 1804-15. British agricultural price support. Repeal, 1846, marks transformation from agricultural to industrial priorities and free trade.

Corneille, Pierre. 1606-84. French tragic playwright. La Veuve 1634. Nicomède 1636. Le Cid 1637.

Cornish. -1780. Celtic language. Breton.

Corvée. Statute labour. Abolished 1792 Fr, 1891 Egypt.

Cosmological Argument. God exists as first cause.

Costa Rica. 1502 Columbus discovers. 1564 Spain settles. 1821 Independent. 1822 Mexican Empire. 1823 CAF. 1838 Republic.

Coster, Laurens. 1370-c1440. Dutch inv of moveable type, perhaps before Gutenberg.

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