Columban, St. c543-615. Irish monk. Missionary to France, Switzerland, Italy.

Combination Acts. 1799, 1800. Britain outlaws trade unions. Repealed 1824.

COMECON. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. 1949-91. USSR and satellites central planning organization.

Comenius, John. 1592-1670. Czech founder of direct method of language education. First use of pictures.

Comic Opera. 18C revolt vs serious opera. Light style, familiar scenes. Italy: opera buffa; Fr: opéra comique; Eng: ballad opera; Ger: singspiel. Orig as intermezzo for opera.

Common Law. Based on precedents derived from reason rather than a code of statutes. Originally English.

Commonwealth. 1649-60. Government of England after Charles I executed. Cromwell.

Commune. 1789-94. Paris council. Overode the National Assembly by controlling administration.

Commune, Paris. 1871. Revolutionary government formed when Thiers abandoned Paris to Prussians. Crushed 2 months later by McMahon. 20,000 killed.

Compromise of 1850. Acts to prevent secession of US slave states.

Compton, Arthur. 1892-1962. US physicist: C Effect, 1923.

Comte, Auguste. 1798-1857. French Positivist philosopher. Religion belongs to primitive society. Positivism 1830. Tejada Law.

Concentration Camps. 1862-65 USA. 1899-1902. British internment of Boers in South Africa. 1922-91. USSR. 1933-45 Nazi prisons for extermination and slave labour. Buchenwald. Auschwitz. Dachau. 1942-6 US Relocation Centers. 1942-46 Canada. 1950’s Kenya. 1973 Chile.

Conceptualism. Reality has no objective existence; it is a concept in the mind. Abelard.

Conciliarism. 12C-. General Council has greater power than pope. Popular during Great Schism.

Concordat. 1801-1905. Regulation of French church instituted by Napoleon.

Condillac, Étienne de. 1715-80. French sensualist philosopher. Locke follower.

Congo. 1482 Portugal explore. 1880 French settle(N). 1885 Belgium(S). 1910 «French Equatorial Africa. 1960 Independent. 1971 =Zaire. 1997 =Democratic Republic of Congo. Mobutu.

Congress, US. Senate and House of Representatives. Legislative branch of government.

Congress Poland. 1815-64. Polish Kingdom created by Congress of Vienna. Ruled by Russian Czar.

Congress System. 1815-25. Diplomacy by regular meetings of Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

Congreve, William. 1670-1729. English playwright of manners. Way of the World 1700.

Connecticut Wits. 18C US satiric collaborative poets. Anarchiad 1786-87.

Conquillards. Jargon language. Villon.

Conrad, Joseph. 1857-1924. Polish/English novelist emphasizing relations between people and circumstances. Lord Jim 1900. Heart of Darkness 1902.

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