Poor Law Commission. 1842. Chadwick recommends municipal clean water supply and sewage systems to prevent disease.

Poor Laws. 1597, 1601, 1834. British parishes to aid poor, establish workhouses, abolish slavery. Replaced 1930-50.

Pop Art. 1950-. Movement drawing from popular culture. Warhol. Lichtenstein.

Popular Fronts. 1930s. Political coalitions of opposing parties vs Fascists in France, Spain.

Popular Sovereignty. 1850s. US territories could join Union as free or slave states. Bleeding Kansas.

Porphyry. c233-305. Greek Neoplatonic philosopher. Adversus Christianos burned. Tree of Porphyry.

Porta, Gianbattista della. 1558 Telescope.

Portland, William Bentrick, Duke of. 1649-1709. Dutch/English statesman. Boyne. Treaty of Rijswijk.

Portugal. Iberians, Celts. 5-4C BC Greek colony. c225BC Carthage(S). 2C BC Rome. 411 Suevi. 5C Visigoth. 711 Moor. 868 Christian(N). c1060 León. 1143 Independent kingdom. 1250 Moors expelled. 1500 +Brazil. 1580 Spain. 1640 Independent. 1820 Constitutional Monarchy. 1822 -Brazil. 1910 Republic. 1932 Salazar dictator. 1976 Democracy.

Poseidonius. c135-51BC. Greek Stoic philosopher. Explained tides 79BC.

Positivism. Knowledge based on senses alone. Personal knowledge. Natural laws lead to social engineering to secure a happy society. Comte. Mill. Spencer. Logical Positivism.

Post Office. 1840. England penny post begun.

Post-Romantic. Music style of late 19C, early 20C. Exaggerated Romanticism. Mahler. Schoenberg.

Potsdam Agreement. 1945. Truman, Stalin, Attlee agree to draw up peace treaties, reduce German industrialization, restore democracy in Europe after WWII. Outlawed Nazism. Divided Germany.

Pottawatomie Massacre. 1856. John Brown’s abolitionists kill 5 pro-slavery settlers.

Pound, Ezra. 1885-1972. US poet/translator of Oriental and Provençale poetry. Pisan Cantos. Pro-Fascism led to incarceration in an asylum 1946-58.

Poussin, Nicolas. 1594-1665. French Neoclassical painter. Strong pictorial emotional works. Arcadian Shepherds 1638/55. Rape of the Sabines 1636-7.

Powers, Hiram. 1805-73. US Neoclassical sculptor. Greek Slave 1843.

Powhatan War. 1622-44. Indians attack settlers in Virgina, Maryland. Reprisals nearly wipe out tribe.

Poynings Laws. 1494. Irish Parliament Acts put English Laws in effect.

Pragmatic Sanction. 1713. Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI declares Maria Theresa as heir causing War of Austrian Succession.

Prairial, Law of 22. 1794. France allowed only acquital or death penalty in trials. Terror.

Prakrit. Family of Indic languages from which Indo-Aryan springs.

Pravda. 1021. Russian law code.

Praxiteles. 4C BC. Greek classical sculptor: Aphrodite c350. Hermes. Showed humanity of gods.

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