Hospitallers, Knights. 11C-. Order of St. John. First devoted to aid of pilgrims to Holy Land. Prominent in crusades. Bought Rhodes 1309. Expelled by Ottomans, 1522. Given Malta by Charles V, 1530. Expelled by Napoleon, 1798. = Knights of Malta.

Housman, A.E. 1859-1936. English poet: Shropshire Lad 1896. Romanatic pessimism.

Hubble, Edwin. 1889-1953. English discoverer of galaxies 1922-24.

Hudson River. 1825-75. US Romantic landscape painting school.

Hudson’s Bay Company. 1670-. England. Explored Canada. Sought NW passage. Trading posts. Fur trade. Monopoly 1821-58. Seven Oaks Massacre.

Hughes, Ted. 1930-98. English poet laureate 1984-. Birthday Letters 1998. Sylvia Plath.

Huguenots. 1510-18C. Persecuted French Calvinist Protestants. 300,000 expelled 1685. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Wars of Religion. Edict of Nantes. Henry of Navarre. Declaration of Rights of Man, 1789.

Hukbalahap Rebellion. 1946-54. Unsuccessful Communist guerillas vs Roxas in Philippines.

Hull, Cordell. 1871-1955. US Secretary of State. UN founder. Trade agreements.

Human Rights. Agreed natural rights for all mankind. Stoics. Declaration of the Rights of Man 1789. Bill of Rights 1791. Buisson. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. Amnesty International.

Humane Society. 1774 England.

Hundred Flowers Movement. China. 1956-7. Increased freedom of intellectuals. Criticism of Party led to backlash.

Hundred Years War. 1337~1453. English defend claims to French throne. Crécy. Poitiers. Agincourt. Joan of Arc. English driven from continent, except Calais.

Hung Hsiu-ch’üan. 1814-64. Led Tai-Ping Rebellion. Claimed to be Christ’s brother. Founded new religion based on Chinese unity.

Huns. Nomadic peoples of Central Asia who invaded Europe in 4-5C. Attila. Defeated at Châlons-sur-Marne, 451.

Huron. North America Indian tribe massacred by Iroquois 1648-50. Oklahoma.

Husayn ibn Ali. 626-680. Shi’ite Moslem saint. Muhammad’s heir.

Hussein ibn Talal. 1935-99. Moderate Jordanian king 1953-. Israel Peace Treaty 1994.

Hypatia. c370-415. Alexandrian Neoplatonic philosopher. Murdered by St. Cyril and monks. Decline of Alexandria as learning center.

Hywell the Good. -950. Welsh king 910-. Law code.

I Am. 1934-. US religious movement founded by Ballard.

Iamblichus. c250-330. Syrian NeoPlatonist philosopher. Theurgy replaces spiritual mysticism. De Mysteriis.

Iapetus. Greek Titan. Father of Atlas and Prometheus.

Ibn al’Arabi. 1165-1240. Spanish Moslem mystical philosopher. Meccan Revelation 1201.

Ice Age. Last period of glaciation, c75000-8350BC.

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