Slovenia. Balkans. 6C Slovenes settle. 748 Franks dominate. 9C Franks split...German kingdom. 1335 Hapsburg. 1918 Yugoslavia. 1991 Independent.

Soweto. 1976 Violent riots in Black South Africa township over compulsory Afrikaans in schools. 236-600 dead.

Sri Lanka. (Ceylon). Veddah. 5C BC Sinhalese from northern India settle. 1100 Tamil(N)/ Sinh(S). 1505 Portugal. 1656 Netherlands. 1796 British. 1948 Independent. 1972 = Sri Lanka.

Stählberg, Kaarlo. 1865-1952. First President of independent Finland 1919-25. Constitution.

Stein, Karl, Freiherr von. 1757-1831. Reforming Prussian statesman helped abolish serfdom.

Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1928-. German electronic music composer.

Sture, Sten. 1440-1503. Swedish patriot, regent 1470~1503. Opposed Kalmar Union. Defeated Christian I, deposed John in Sweden.

Stürgkh, Karl von. 1859-1916. Austrian Prime Minister. Suspended parliament 1914. Assassinated.

Sukarno. 1901-70. Indonesian nationalist leader, president 1949-67. Sought communist ties. Authoritative ‘guided democracy’.

Sullivan, Arthur. 1842-1900. British composer. Operetta form. Mikado 1885. HMS Pinafore 1878. Onward Christian Soldiers. Gilbert.

Sumerians. c6000-2000BC Civilization in Tigris-Euphrates valley. First writing system. First legal code. Akkad. Ur.

Sweden. c8000BC Settled. 9C Rurik establishes Russ dynasty. c1000 Christian. 1319 +Norway. 1397 Kalmar Union. 1520 Revolt. 1523 Independence Vasa dynasty. 1809 -Finland. 1814 +Norway. 1905 -Norway.

Syria. c10000BC Natufians. c2300BC Akkadian. c1900 Amorite. 16C Egypt. 14C Hittite. 8C Assyria. 7C Babylon. 538 Achaemenid. 332 Alexander...301 Seleucid. 64BC Rome...395 Byzantine. 634 Moslem. 877 Egypt. 11C Seljuk 1098 Latin Empire(part). 12C Ayyubid. 1249 Mameluk. 1516 Ottoman. 1920 French League of Nations mandate. 1943 Independent. 1958 +Egypt = United Arab Republic. 1961 -Egypt=Syria. Damascus.

Tamils. Dravidian people settled northern Sri Lanka, southern India 200BC.

Tanganyika. Bantu. 18C Masai. 18-19C Slave source. 1871 Stanley, Livingstone. German East Africa. 1919 British mandate = Tanganyika. 1946 United Nations Trust. 1961 Independent. 1962 Republic. 1964 +Zanzibar=Tanzania. Nyerere.

Tanzania. 1964 Tanganyika + Zanzibar.

Teleological Argument. God exists as master planner, because universe exhibits purpose. Duty derives from what is good as end to be achieved. Aristotle. Kant.

Thorfinn Karlsefni. Failed attempt to establish Icelandic colony in North America c1004.

Thrace. Region of SE Balkan peninsula. c700BC Greek colonies. c512-480BC Persia. 4C BC Macedonia. 1C BC Rome...Byzantine. 7C Bulgaria(N). 1453 Ottoman. Post WWI split Turkey/Greece/Bulgaria.

Thugs. Indian religious sect suppressed by British. Killed travellers to offer to goddess Kali.

Titanic. 1912. “Unsinkable” British ship sank on maiden voyage. 1513 died.

Tolstoy, Lev. 1828-1910. Russian historical novelist. Moralist. Occupied with social reforms; freed his serfs. Founded Christian anarchist religion. War and Peace 1863-9. Anna Karenina 1875-7.

Two Thousand Words. 1968. Czech proclamation supporting Dubcek reforms prompts Russian Invasion.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. USSR. 1917 Communist revolution, Civil War. 1923 Union of states. 1939 +Galicia. 1940 +Baltic States, Bessarabia, Karelia. 1945 +Ruthenia. Recognized: 1923 US, 1924 Britain, 1940 Yugoslavia. 1991 Dissolved. Russia.

United States of America. USA. 40,000-20,000BC Asians settle. 1492-1776 Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands, Britain colonize. 1776 American Revolution. 1783 Thirteen Colonies independent. Manifest Destiny. 1845 +Texas. 1848 +California. 1867 +Alaska. 1898 +Hawaii, Puerto Rico.

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