Van Dyck, Anthony. 1599-1641. Flemish portrait painter. Subjects showed dignity, elegance. Charles I 1635.

Varna, Battles. 1444 Ottoman Turks defeat Hungarians, expand to Balkans. 1828 Russians defeat Turks.

Vedanta. Philosophy of Hinduism from 6C BC Upanishads. Developed by Sankara 7C and Ramanuja 11C.

Venezuelan Claims. 1902-7. European countries blockade ports to press for loan repayment.

Verner, Karl. 1846-96. Danish philologist of Indo-European languages. Phonetics 1875.

Vorticism. 1900-20. Art movement of mechanical forms and angles. Lewis. Gaudier-Brzeska.

Wang Ching-wei. 1883-1944. Chiang Kai-shek rival. Governor of Japanese China 1938-44.

Warlords. 1916-49. China generals seized local power on Yüan Shih-K’ai’s death. Last eliminated by communists.

Welles, Orson. 1915-85. US filmmaker. Citizen Kane 1941.

Wiggin, Kate. 1856-1923. US author. Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm.

World War I. 1914-18. Allies-France, British Empire, Russia, Italy, US(1917-) vs Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Caused by Nationalist movements, Balkan instability, trade rivalry, alliances. 30M casualties. First tanks, chemical, planes, submarines. Ended Russian, Ottoman, Austria-Hungarian Empires.

Wyandotte Constitution. 1859. Conclusion of Bleeding Kansas. Rejected slavery, women’s suffrage.

Xian Incident. 1936. Chiang Kai-shek captured and forced to unite with Communists to fight Japanese.

York, Alvin. 1887-1964. US WWI hero.

Yüan Shih-kai. 1859-1916. First president of Chinese Republic 1912-. Attempts to establish a new dynasty failed. Warlords.

Yugoslavia. Balkans. 1918 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, Slovenes. 1929 =Yugoslavia. 1929-31 Dictatorship. 1941-45 Italy, Germany occupy. 1945 Socialist Federation of Republics. 1948 Broke Soviet ties. 1991 -Croatia, Slovenia, Civil war. Serbia. Croatia. Bosnia-Hercegovina. Slovenia. Macedonia. Montenegro. Tito. Kosovo.

Yukawa Hideki. 1907-81. Japanese physicist. Predicted mesons 1935.

Zakkai, Johann ben. 2C founder of Rabbinic Judaism.

Zanzibar. 1499 Portugal explores. 1698 Muscat +Oman. 18-19C Slave source. 1861 Independent sultanate. 1890 British protectorate. 1963 Independent. 1964 +Tanganyika = Tanzania.

Zeami Motokiyo. 1363-1443. Japanese No drama theorist, playwright. Kaden-sho 1400.

Zimbabwe. 11C Shona. 15C Karanga Empire. 16C Portugal explores. 1890 British South Africa Co. 1911 Southern Rhodesia. 1953 +Nyasaland. 1964 =Rhodesia. 1965 Declared indepence, international sanctions. 1979 Independent. =Zimbabwe. ZAPU. ZANU. Mugabe.

Zinoviev, Grigori. 1883-1936. Russian triumvir with Stalin, Kamenev 1919-26. Executed in Purge. COMINTERN chairman 1919-.

Zwingli, Huldrych. 1484-1531. Swiss humanist and religious reformer. Zurich Reformation 1522. Urged priests to marry. Attacked Roman mass and worship of images. Swiss Evangelical Church. Killed in Kappel Wars.